This guide, represents everything I wish I could respond with, whenever a question about lithium-ion tactical flashlights is asked. Obviously, there is a lot to say on the subject. I think I have pretty much said it all here. Guide Revised 11/1/08 to reduce redundancy, and improve quality of information based on what I have learned since originally writing.
這份指南代表了我希望可以回覆任何詢問「使用充電式鋰電池(註1)強光手電筒(註2)」的一切容。很明顯的，關於這個主題，我有很多要說的。我也認為我已經在這裏充份的表達我想說的。為了使它更精簡，同時加入我最新得到的資訊，這份指南在11/01/08重新修訂。
註1 Lithium-ion 為鋰離子電池，此譯為充電式鋰電池。
註2 tactical原意為戰術，但譯者認為以強光手電筒來翻譯較為淺顯易懂。
New members to the forum are often intrigued by the lure of having a very powerful, compact flashlight, but are faced with the daunting task of scrounging through endless threads that cover only a fraction of the information needed to really get started using li-ion in a safe rewarding manner. This guide is LONG, sit back, grab a soda or a coffee, soak it up!
論壇的新成員常常肖想(註3)使用強力而小巧的手電筒，但在爬完了一堆文，看到眼睛都快要脫窗了(註4)，還是只能找到一些片斷的資訊，以安全的使用這些可充電式鋰電池。這篇指南「落落長」(註5)，汽水傳乎好，手腳站乎栽(註6)，我們開始吧！(註7)
註3 台式中文，很想要的意思。
註4 台式中文，瞎了。
註5 很長。
註6 台式中文，原文的意思是請把飲料準備好、好好坐下來。
註7 為了使此譯文對2岸的前輩都能有所幫助，譯者還是決定正經一些，不再惡搞了…。
Many CPF members have had great questions about using li-ion cells over the years, much of this guide was originally copy/pasted from my responses to those questions. The thread that originally inspired me to build this guide was started by CPF member MacSwift. Occasionally I come back and update or revise or improve the guide to include better wording or more complete information. So the original responses have been modified since.
好幾年來，CPF的成員對於使用充電式鋰電池有很多問題，這篇指南大部份來自於我對這些問題的回覆。促成了我撰寫這份指南的最主要因素，是由於CPF會員MacSwift所發的帖。偶爾我會回來改寫及更新這份指南的內容，來改進文章的用字以及使此文的資訊更加完備。因此，原來的帖子自從發表後，我就不斷地編修。
The most common and simple li-ion conversions will take place in standard tactical lithium powered lights. G&P, Wolf Eyes, Lumens Factory, Pila, (and others), manufacture tactical lamps that are of the same basic design as a Surefire P series(like the P60, P90, etc). This is the basic starting point for most Lithium-Ion conversions. You pick out a host that supports one of the common lamp types, like the "P" series which are often called D26 or 26mm lamp assemblies, then mate it with an appropriate configuration of Lithium-Ion cells to power the lamp. There are more complicated setups available through the use of extenders, turbo heads, larger lamps, etc etc, Since this thread was originally made many things have changed, the availability of after-market lamps for the M series Surefire lights is now a reality (through LumensFactory) and more configurations are available now than ever.
玩家們最常也最容易在一些普遍使用的強光手電筒上，改用充電式鋰電池。像是G&P、 Wolf Eyes、 Lumens Factory、Pila（還有其他廠家）都有生產以Surefire P系列（像是P60或是P90…等等）的設計為基礎的強光手電筒。這也是改用充電式鋰電池的基本起點。你隨手就可以拿起一個P系列的燈頭模組，像是D26或是26mm燈頭，然後就可以根據適當的設定，選擇可充電式鋰電池來點亮你的手電筒。如果你使用延長筒、渦輪頭、較大輸出(註8)的燈泡…，就會牽涉到更複雜的設定。自從這個帖子發表後，很多事情已經改變了，像是Surefire M系列的副廠燈泡已經可以取得（LumensFactory製造），從此我們也可以有更多的設定可玩。
(註8) larger理應不是指size的大小，這裏譯為較大輸出。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:10
Understanding The Basics
第二章 了解基礎
In the world of lithium and lithium ion batteries... it is important to understand that lithium primary cells (also called photo lithium, or CR123A, or surefire cells) are about 16mm diameter by about 34mm long. They are sometimes referred to as 16340 sized cells. You probably already know that they deliver about 3 Volts, and have a capacity of about 1200-1600mAh depending on brand and how they are used. So a pair of these cells in a light like the C2(G2, 6P, etc) powers the "6V" rated lamp nicely... Other designations for common CR123A cells are: CR 123 3V, CR123, CR17345, K123A, VL123A, DL123A, DL123ABK, 5018LC, EL123AP, SF123, EL123APBP2, EL123APBP and SF123A 3V, etc etc. The important thing is that these are all Lithium Manganese Dioxide Cells intended for one-time use. They tend to be expensive to run if you use a light frequently, and therefor, switching to a rechargable chemistry cell is often desired.
在一次性鋰電池（註9）及可充電式鋰電池的世界，了解一件事是很重要的，那就是主流鋰電池（也被叫做相機鋰電池、CR123A、或是Surefire鋰電池）的尺寸是直徑16mm，長度34mm。它們有時候也會被稱做16340鋰電池。你大概也已經知道一次性鋰電池的電壓是3V，而根據廠牌及它們使用的方式不同，大概有1200-1600mah的電量。所以裝在像是C2（G2、6P…等）手電筒的2顆鋰電池，可以穩定的推動標示6V的燈泡。其它與CR123A一樣的一次性鋰電池的型號有：CR 123 3V、CR123、 CR17345、 K123A、 VL123A、 DL123A、 DL123ABK、 5018LC、 EL123AP、 SF123、 EL123APBP2、 EL123APBP 以及 SF123A 3V…等等。最重要的是，這些一次性鋰電全部都是鋰錳二氧化物電池，它們只能被使用一次。而這些一次性鋰電池的價格通常較貴，如果你常使用手電筒的話，將會對荷包形成沈重的負擔。因此，使用可充電式鋰電池就是較合理的選擇。
註9 Lithium在此譯為一次性鋰電，以便跟可充電式鋰電區隔。
For this guide, I will pretty much be discussing one type of lithium-ion cell, a Lithium Cobalt Oxide cell. This is the "mainstream" chemistry found in most consumer devices from cell phones to laptops and MP3 players. From here forth, when I refer to a Li-Ion cells, I am talking about this type of cell unless I state otherwise. With different chemistry, usually comes different cell specifications and behaviors.
在這篇指南中，我主要討論一種可充電式鋰電池，鋰鈷一氧化物電池。這是從手機到筆電及MP3播放機所使用的主流化合物鋰電池。從此刻開始，除非我有特別強調，當我提到可充電式鋰電池，我指的就是鋰鈷一氧化物電池。鋰電池所使用的化合物不同，通常也會具有不同的電流輸出特性。
[edited in 11/11/08] {I am going to be updating the compatibility chart to include a semi-recent advancement in li-ion tech, and that is LiMn, or Lithium Manganese Oxide rechargeable cells. While suffering from ~30% lower energy density as compared with the LiCo (lithium cobalt) chemistry cells that this guide covers, they can deliver higher drain rates safely, which allows for more compact configurations to be very bright but with short runtimes... I will include tidbits about these cells in the guide where information is critical, and try to include all possible combinations of LiMn powered configurations in the chart below.}
〔11/11/08編修〕我要修訂鋰電池適用表來涵蓋近來充電式鋰電池新開發的技術–LiMn或是鋰錳一氧化物可充電式鋰電池。與鋰鈷化合物電池（lithium cobalt）比較起來，它的電量大致會少30%，但是它卻可以安全地做大電流的放電，也就是可以允許玩家做短時間超高亮度的設定。我將會在指南中納入這種電池的必要資訊，以便在下面的列表中，對LiMn電池的設定，做儘可能完備的組合設定。
The Li-Ion cells discussed in this guide operate at ~3.7V typical output, so a pair of 16340 sized lithium-ion rechargeable cells would blow a 6V lamp, but a single cell would under-power it, producing a brownish-yellow lousy output. Under-driven bulbs are also very inefficient(poor watt to lumen conversion). So, generally speaking, when we want to use rechargable lithium-ion cells in a light, we use one of the following 4 configurations.
1. a 3.7V bulb powered by 1 Lithium-Ion Cell.
2. a "9V" bulb powered by 2 Lithium-Ion Cells.
3. a "13V" bulb powered by 3 Lithium-Ion Cells.
4. a carefully selected bi-pin bulb in a proper adapter, powered by an appropriate number of properly sized cells.... (these are more advanced options, I may mention a few in the charts in time)
在指南中所討論的可充電式鋰電池，一般輸出3.7V，因此2個16340可充電式鋰電池會爆掉6V的燈泡，但是只用1顆，又不足以驅動6V的燈泡，1顆電池只能使6V的燈泡發出昏黃的光線。電壓不足的燈泡也非常的沒有效率（很差的光電功率轉換效能）。因此，一般而言，當我們要在手電筒中使用可充電式鋰電池，我們會使用以下四種設定中的其中一種。
1. 1顆3.7V的燈泡，用1顆可充電式鋰電驅動。
2. 1顆9V的燈泡，用2顆可充電式鋰電驅動。
3. 1顆13V的燈泡，用3顆可充電式鋰電驅動。
4. 用合適的腳座搭配精選的2PIN（註10）燈泡，再以適當大小及數量的可充電式鋰電來驅動（這些是更進階的組合，我可能會在組合列表中提到一些）。
註10 指有2根腳位的燈泡。
There are many options in each range... For lights like the C2 that have room for 2 CR123 (16340) sized cells, you have 2 configurations available. "1" and "2" above.
在每個電壓範圍中，會有很多的選擇。像是C2手電筒，它可以塞入2個CR123（16340）尺寸的電池，你就可以有2種設定可用。如上面4種設定中的第1個或是第2個。
As it is now, Surefire is not really in the business of making lamps with Lithium-Ion cells in mind. So when dealing with Li-Ion, the only lamps that we can use from Surefire, are the 9V options. However, some people have experimented with their 12V lamps from the M series (turbo head configurations) and found they will often work in 3 Li-Ion cell configurations. SF does not intend for the lamps to be used this way, but many of us do. When we desire more configuration options, we turn to the other manufactures mentioned previously, who ARE in the business of making lamps with Li-Ion cells in mind.
以現在的情況而言，Surefire並不打算生產適合可充電式鋰電用的燈泡。所以講到要搭配Surefire生產的燈泡，使用可充電式鋰電池，唯一剩下的，就只有9V的選項（上述4種設定中的第2項）。然而，有些人曾經以Surefire的M系列12V的渦輪頭做實驗，他們發現通常可以用3顆可充電式鋰電池來驅動Surefire的12V燈泡。SF並不希望玩家這麼做，但是我們很多人就是這樣搞。而當我們想要做出更多的組合設定的時候，我們就轉而向前面提到的幾家廠商購買手電筒或是燈泡，這些廠商才是有心生產適合可充電式鋰電池使用燈泡的廠商。
Now it is also important to understand, that there are many different Sizes of Lithium-Ion cell available, and many different brands. There are also Protected Cells, and Bare Unprotected Cells.
現在，了解有很多不同尺寸及不同廠牌的可充電式鋰電池也是很重要的。可充電式鋰電池也有「有保護電路」及「沒有保護電路」2種。
There are 3 brands of cell you will find in a flashlight at CPF more than any other cells out there...
1. AWs Protected Li-Ions, available in many sizes... they are available at Lighthound and through his sales thread in the dealer section of this forum.
2. Wolf-Eyes Protected Li-Ions, available from Pacific Tactical Solutions
3. Pila Protected Li-Ions, available from Jsburlys
Links added to sellers of bulbs/batteries later in guide
在CPF論壇中，你會發現3種主流品牌的可充電式鋰電池。
1. AW有保護電路可充電式鋰電池，有各種尺寸可供選擇，它們可以在Lighthound以及論壇中的廠商專區找得到。
2.Wolf-Eyes有保護電路可充電式鋰電池，可以從Pacific Tactical Solutions找得到。
3.Pila有保護電路可充電式鋰電池，可以從Jsburlys找得到。
[edit in 11/11/08]{In recent times, a "#4" above would read "LiMn chemistry cells in 16340 and 18650 sizes"}
〔11/11/08編修〕最近”#4”會列出16340及18650尺寸的LiMn化合物電池。
These are the most commonly used because they are the best quality cells available, and they have protection circuits that make them safer than ordinary "bare" lithium-Ion cells. These 3 brands of protected cells are the only protected cells on the market with high current thresholds set on those protection circuits, this is done specifically with the intention of being able to light up powerful incandescent bulbs. I do not recommend unprotected cells, or any cells that claim to be protected from other sources.. Going on ebay and picking up some really cheap cells is asking for trouble. Do so at your own risk, and understand that they may not work in your configuration. There has been a flood of "off-brand" Li-Ion cells becoming available to consumers in recent times, often sold at a fraction of the price of the cells listed above. Remember, when selecting your Li-Ion cells, that these cells can be potentially dangerous, buying quality cells from a reputable dealer is important to your safety. The best VALUE is not always the lowest price.
上述3種電池最常被使用，因為它們是買得到的可充電式鋰電池中品質最好的，而且它們也有保護電路使得它們較一般的沒有保護電路可充電式鋰電池更加的安全。這3種廠牌也是市場上唯一在它們的保護電路板上有高電流柵設定的有保護電路可充電式鋰電池，特別當你需要點亮強力的白熾燈泡的時候，這種設定就十分的有用。我並不推薦使用沒有保護電路或是任何宣稱以其他的方式來做保護的可充電式鋰電池。你可上ebay看看，那些非常便宜的電池通常麻煩不斷。你如果要用的話，責任自負，你也要了解，這些便宜的電池可能也沒辦法在你的燈泡-電池組合設定中發揮該有的功效。最近在市場上出現了一堆無名品牌的可充電式鋰電池，而它們的價格常常不到上述幾個大廠的一半。記得，當你在選擇可充電式鋰電池的時候，這些便宜的電池有一定程度的危險性，從有信譽的廠家購買高品質的電池是為了你自己的安全著想。最有價值的事物，往往不會存在於最低的價錢。
[edit in 11/11/08]{LiMn chemistry cells are not protected, and do not really need to be as they are inherently safe.}
〔11/11/08編修〕LiMn化合物可充電式電池並沒有保護電路，而它們也不需要，因為這類型的電池在本質上就很安全。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:11
Converting a Common 2 cell Tactical
第三章 常見的2鋰電強光手電筒改裝
A C2[G2, 6P, M2, or comparable generic alternative] will have room for 2 16340 sized cells, but if you wanted to use a 3.7V lamp, it would be rather wasteful to use a cell that only fills half the tube... The good news is, there are longer cells available.. specifically, for this application We're talking about a 17670 sized cell. AW calls it a 17670 sized cell. Pila calls it a 600S size cell, and Wolf Eyes calls it a 168B sized cell... But they are all approximately 17mm diameter (which fits snug in most lights designed for 16340s, like the C2 [and other Surefire Lights]) by 67mm long. This single cell, fits in the place that 2 CR123s (16340s) would ordinarily fit. Provides a 3.7V output with a rated capacity of 1500-1600mah depending on the cell. There are many other common cell sizes available for Li-Ion rechargable cells. 10440, 14500, 14670, 16340, 17500, 18500, 18650. Various arrangements of cell configurations are being used by many CPFers to power bulbs and LEDs...
1支C2手電筒（G2、6P、M2或是相對應的其他手電筒）會有裝2顆16340電池的空間，但是如果你想使用3.7V的燈泡，只用一顆電池填滿半支手電筒的筒身，相對的會形成一種空間上的浪費。好消息是，有比較長的電池可供使用。以這個例子來說，我們就會用到17670可充電式鋰電池。AW把它稱作17670 尺寸電池。Pila把它稱作600S尺寸電池，而WolfEyes把它稱作168B尺寸電池…。但是它們大致上都是直徑17mm（大概都可以塞進大部份為16340設計的筒身，像是C2或是其他Surefire手電筒），長度67mm。這種單節電池，大約也可塞入2節CR123（16340）電池的空間。依照電池種類的不同，它可提供3.7V的電壓輸入及1500-1600mah的電量。可充電式鋰電池也有很多其他常見的尺寸，如10440、14500、14670、16340、17500、18500及16850。各種不同電池規格的設定，常被CPF的會員們拿來驅動白熾燈泡或是LED燈。
Now.... lets say you go with the 17670 cell, and a 3.7V lamp. You can expect the light to be brighter than the stock P60, but dimmer than the optional P61. The 3.7V lamps draw more current that a P60, so what they lack in voltage, they makeup for in current to be reasonably bright. Runtime on a 17670 cell driving a 3.7V lamp is 35-50 minutes depending on what lamp you choose.
現在，假設說你使用17670電池，搭配1顆3.7V的燈泡。你可以期待你的手電筒會比原來的P60模組亮，但是卻會比選配的P61模組暗。3.7V燈泡會比P60燈泡耗損更多的電量（註11），它們電壓不夠的部份，就會用掉更多的電流量，以產生相當的亮度。使用17670電池驅動3.7V的燈泡，依照選用的燈泡不同，使用時間約是35-50分鐘。
註11 這應該是指燈泡的流明值相當的情形
Now.. lets say you wanted a configuration that is closer in output to the P61 that is also rechargable.
You would want to step up to a 9V lamp, and run a PAIR of rechargeable RCR123 (16340) sized cells.
現在，假設說你想要使用可充電式鋰電，來輸出相當於P61模組的亮度。
你就會使用1顆9V燈泡，搭配2顆可充電式RCR123（16340）電池。
These RCR123 cells are generally rated about 750mAh capacity. The only RCR123 cells available WITH protection that will light up 9V tactical lamp assemblies reliably are the AW protected R123s and I believe the BatteryStation brand RCR123s. There are probably others available but I don't think it's worth the trial and error to experiment with off-brands, these AWs are good cells and backed up by great customer relations. Keep in mind, that most of these Li-Ion cells are designed to be used up to a 2C current draw, no more... Which means that the cell should not be discharged in less than 30 minutes. I should point out that most capacity ratings on RCR123 size cells (from all manufactures) are pretty ambitious. In reality RCR123s tend to be ~550mAH true capacity. However, if the discharge is broken up into short bursts (as most flashlight use is) one can get by with discharge rates that are slightly higher than the cells are rated for without much problem. The trick is to pull out a different longer running light when you need to keep it on for a long time. For high output conversions with a pair of RCR123s, a lamp like the SureFire P90, Wolf-Eyes 9V D26, or LumensFactory SR-9 are often used. If you really respect your usage you can even get by with a HO-9 from LumensFactory to really match the output of a P61 with a similar 20 minute total runtime. This is just touching on some of the safety issues with Li-Ion cells.... Lets move on and learn more about that....
這些可充電式的RCR123電池，一般大概有750mah的電量。唯一能夠安全地點亮9V模組燈泡的有保護電路RCR123電池是AW出品的有保護電路R123，另外，我也相信BatteryStation品牌的RCR123。當然可能還有其他品牌存在，但我認為去買一些小廠的電池來做嚐試錯誤的實驗是不值得的，AW出品的電池非常可靠，而且也建立了相當好的口碑。記得，這些可充電式鋰電池大部份是被設計來做2C安全係數放電使用的，也就是說，不要在30分鐘內，就把電池的電量榨乾。我也應該告訴大家，這些RCR123可充電式鋰電池（所有的廠家都一樣）所標示的電池容量相當不可靠。在實際使用的情況中，RCR123大概只有550mah的容量。假如電池的放電是分成很多小階段時間的放電（一般使用手電筒情形），毫無疑問的，你的電池的放電率將會稍微高出電池原來所標示的。解決方式是，當你需要長時間點亮手電筒的時候，儘量使用不一樣的手電筒。會改用RCR123可充電電池的高亮度燈泡模組，大致上有SureFire P90、 Wolf-Eyes 9V D26或是 LumensFactory SR-9。假如你真的想要好好玩玩，你甚至可以買LumensFactory HO-9，來達到相當於P61的亮度，而操作時間也差不多在20分鐘左右。這只是稍微說到可充電式電池的安全問題。讓我們更進一步來學習吧。
[edit in 11/11/08]{With AW IMR16340 LiMn cells, high current lamps like the HO-9, EO-9, and P91, can be used in 2 cell host flashlights with no danger. They can handle discharge rates up to ~4 amps safely.}
〔11/11/08修訂〕像是HO-9、EO-9及P91這些高電流燈泡，可以沒有危險的使用2顆AW IMR 16340 LiMn可充電式電池。它們可以安全地承受高達4amps的放電率。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:14
本帖最後由 rockhong01 於 2012-3-31 00:41 編輯
第四章第一部份
Use/safety of Lithium-Ion and charging guidelines
第四章 安全的使用可充電式電池及其安全守則
Lithium-Cobalt chemistry must be respected.... There are particular rules that must be followed in order to keep the cell in safe working condition: for most cells this means the following things:
do not charge above 4.200V
do not discharge below ~3.5V rested open-circuit (3.5V is basically dead on a li-ion cell)
do not discharge faster than 2C (some cells as low as 1C), which means in less than 30 minutes. Some cells out there are rated for no faster than a 1 hour discharge rate.
do not charge faster than 1C (in 1 hour).
鋰鈷化合物可充電式電池必需小心的使用。為了要使電池處在安全的工作狀態中，有一些規則必需要遵守，對大多數的可充電式電池而言，這代表著以下幾件事情：
不要把電池過充到超過4.2V。
不要把電池置於開放電路中過放到低於3.5V（原則上，在二次性鋰電中，3.5V表示該電池已經損壞了）。
不要使電池放電時的安全係數快於2C（有些電池的係數低於1C），意思是指不要在30分鐘內，把電池的電量榨乾。有些電池甚至標示不可在1小時內把電量用完。
不要使電池充電時的安全係數快於1C（1小時內充飽）。
[edit in 11/11/08] {LiMn chemistry cells should be kept in that same ~3.5-4.20V operating range, they can tolerate slightly deeper discharges without much trouble, like down to around 3.0V open circuit. The 1C charge and 2C discharge rules do not apply to LiMn cells, most are rated for ~5-15C maximum discharge rates, and maximum charge rates of 1-2C or greater, consult the manufactures specifications for further detail as there is a wide variety of possibilities.}
〔11/11/08修訂〕LiMn化合物可充電式鋰電也應該保持在3.5V-4.2V的工作電壓，它們可以承受稍微較低的放電程度，例如在開放電路中放電到3.0V。1C充電係數及2C放電係數並不適用於LiMn電池，大部份的LiMn電池標示5-15C的最大放電係數，以及1-2C或者更高的最大充電係數。如果有需要使用到其更高的效能的時候，最好還是詳細的向廠家詢問電池的數據。
Keep in mind that fully charging a Li-Ion cell correctly will always actually take longer than an hour, because charging a Li-Ion cell requires the charger to use 2 modes. First, a constant current mode (CC), will hit the cell with the voltage necessary to hold the current going into the cell steady, UNTILL the cell voltage rises to 4.20V, at which point it will HOLD 4.20V output until the output current drops substantially (ideally ~50-300mA depending on the cell size). That second phase (called constant voltage (CV)) portion of the charge will always cause the total charge time to go well over an hour. So if the maximum charge rate of the cell is listed as 1C, and the cell has a capacity of 2200mAH, you can hit it with 2.2amps for the Constant Current (first phase) of the charge, in the second phase it will ramp down as the cell absorbs more energy. Ideally speaking a 0.7C CC phase followed by CV at 4.2V is the recommended charge rate that is healthy for Li-Ion cells and results in reasonable charge times. Most chargers are set to a CC rate from the factory and are stuck using that rate (unless you have a fancy hobby-grade charger with adjustable output). So you will often be stuck with a slower than ideal charge rate for larger format cells, which is fine *for the most part*, just takes longer to charge.
記得，要把1顆可充電式鋰電池正確地充飽，實際上總是會超過1小時，因為要充鋰電池會使用到2種模式。首先，穩流模式（CC）會以所需要的電壓，穩定的把恆定電流充入電池之中，直到電池的電壓提升到4.2V，在此刻之後，電池在其電量實質下降到某個容量時（依電池的大小不同，理想上是50-300mah之間），電壓都會維持在4.2V。當電池的電壓升到4.2V後，就會進入充電的第2階段（稱作穩壓模式CV），這個部份的充電，會確保充電時間在1個小時以上。所以，假如電池的安全充電係數標示1C，而電池的容量是2200mah，第一階段的穩流模式可以2.2amps充電，而在第2階段，當電池在吸收更多電力的時候，充電的電流量就會下降。理想上來說，充電時穩流模式以0.7C，接下來穩壓模式在4.2V，是對可充電電池較健康的充電模式，同時也會有較合理的充電時間。大多數的充電器在出廠的時候，就已經設定好CC率，而且是不能更改的（除非你擁有夢幻的可以讓你調整輸出的hobby-grade充電器）。因此，你將會以一個較慢但也較理想的充電速率，來充你的大容量電池，在大部份的情況下，充得愈慢，對電池愈是好的。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:16
第四章 第二部份
Now... Good and Bad news time: Bad News First! Allowing a Li-Ion cell to operate out of the bounds listed above, will decrease it's cycle life and increase the risk of a catastrophic failure (vent-with-flame) This is why you want to buy cells with built in protection when using Lithium Cobalt chemistry cells. The GOOD NEWS: It will leave SOME of the guesswork out of using Li-Ion cells. The protection on cells is actually set a little ways beyond these bounds I listed, Often the high and low volt cut-off are set too extreme for normal use.
Do NOT rely on the protection to terminate a charge (unless a charger and cell combination is designed to do this, like the Wolf-Eyes system) or to shut-off the flashlight when it is dead. try to charge before the cells go that dead. And try to remove cells from the charger before the protection stops the charge. If you are bumping up against the protection regularly, you are wearing our your cells quickly and should ease up your methods, but the protection will reduce the risk of major problems dramatically. think of it as a "backup" for when you accidentally leave a light on, or accidentally fall asleep with cells on a cheap charger. Just don't make those things part of your Li-Ion routine. Most chargers are pretty good about charging correctly, but it would be wise to invest in a multimeter and test the voltage of the cell before it goes on the charger, and after they come off. Doesn't need to be done EVERY time, but at least once and awhile to make sure everything looks right (this way you know if cells are staying matched well or not, also it tells you about how long you have to charge it). Testing after they come off the charger lets you know if the charger is doing it's job- if you see 4.3+ V then you should monitor charging closely and pull cells for testing frequently until you have a chance to try a different charger.. For the most part, I have had good luck with the popular budget DSD charger ($7-15). Leaving cells on the charger after the light goes "green" seems to trickle the cells up beyond a safe charge level in many budget chargers (older WF-139s are notorious for this), lithium-ion cells should not be trickle-charged, it will eventually damage the cell. [edit in 04/15/07 11:40PM]Silverfox, our battery expert here at CPF has suggested(in a PM to me regarding this subject, many thanks to him!) that 4.20V is considered ideal, with a tolerance of +/-0.05V, (termination should be between 4.15 and 4.25V, but anything over 4.20V really starts to kill cycle life of the cell) 4.4V is where serious danger begins (cells tend to explode around there). The emphasis of this tight tolerance is important, lithium-ion cells must be respected. A good quality DMM, or possibly owning 2, so you can check for accuracy would be ideal. Charging to a little less than 4.20V is perfectly fine and will more than likely keep cells healthier, longer. ANY TIME YOU CHARGE ABOVE 4.200V, YOU ARE REDUCING THE NUMBER OF HEALTHY CYCLES THE CELL WILL DELIVER. Charging to 4.10V would actually increase cycle life dramatically, at the cost of some capacity and initial brightness. Personally, I suggest using a charger that reliably terminates cells in the 4.10-4.20V range.
現在，是好消息與壞消息時間：讓我們先講壞消息！讓可充電式電池超出上面所說的使用界限，將會降低電池的循環使用壽命，並且增加電池釀成大災害的風險（爆炸起火）。這就是你會什麼要買內建保護電路的鋰鈷化合物電池的原因。好消息是：在使用充電式電池的時候，還是有一些彈性空間。電池的保護電路，實際上被設定在我所列出的電池使用界限的範圍內一些些。常常，最高及最低的斷電設定，不會設定在電池所能承受的極端值（註12）。不要倚賴保護電路來停止對電池的充電（除非充電器及電池的搭配有針對這點去設計，例如Wolf-Eye系統）或者一直開著手電筒到電池用乾。要在電池徹底用乾前，就要充電。在保護電路啟動前，就要將電池從充電器中取出。假如你老是倚賴保護電路，老是充到過充保護啟動，你將很快的將電池耗損掉，你應該合宜的對你的電池充電，但相對的，保護電路可以有效降低充電時所存在的風險。你應該把保護電路想像成當你不小心忘了關掉手電筒或是在把你的電池放上便宜的充電器充電，卻不小心睡著了的後備設施。不要讓上述的事情成為你在使用充電式電池的常態。大部份的充電器都可以很正確的充電，但是買個三用電表在電池充電前及充電後，量一下電池的電壓則是聰明的作法。不用每次都這麼做，但至少偶爾你需要確定你的充電器及電池都保持在正常的狀態（這樣做你可以知道電池是否正常，也可以知道大概要充多少時間）。在電池充完電後測量電壓讓你知道充電器是否有正常運作–假如你看到超過4.3V的電壓值，你就必需嚴密的監控充電的狀態，並且常常對電池做測量，直到你有機會使用新的充電器。大致上來說，我很幸運地在使用便宜的DSD充電器（7-15塊美金）的時候，沒有什麼問題。把電池放在充電器上，直到充電指示燈變成綠燈，在很多便宜的充電器上，似乎會慢慢的把電池充到超過安全充電水準的程度（較老舊的WF-139就是一款惡名昭彰的充電器）。充電式鋰電池不應該被一直放在充電器上過度充電，這樣到最後一定會造成電池的損壞。〔04/15/07/ 11:40PM修訂〕 我們CPF上的電池專家，Silverfox，建議（在讀到此帖後PM給我，十分感謝他）4.2V是理想的，但可忍受的充電誤差值大概在+/-0.05V之間（該結束充電的電壓應該在4.15-4.25V之間，但任何超過4.2V的充電值，真的就是在謀殺電池），充電到4.4V的話，就會造成嚴重的災難（充電式鋰電大約在這個電壓值開始有爆炸的傾向）。對電池的承受範圍做嚴格的強調非常的重要，充電式鋰電池必需非常小心的使用。備妥1個或2個品質良好的數位3用電錶，如此一來你就可以精確的檢查你的電池。把電池充到稍微低於4.2V是最理想的，而且也可以使電池更健康、壽命更長。任何把電池充超過4.2V的狀況，都會降低電池的循環使用壽命。充到4.1V實際上將有效的延長電池的循環使用壽命，雖然會稍稍減低電池的電力及一開始始用的亮度。以我個人來說，我建議使用把電池充到4.1-4.2V這個範圍的充電器。
註12 意思是指電池的保護電路通常會將保護機制設定在電池所能承受的極端範圍內，如電池所能承受的最低斷電電壓如果是3.5V，保護電路會設定在3.6V斷電。
[edit in: 11/29/08]A large number of cheaper chargers available do not follow the proper CC followed by CV charge method described above. Chargers like the WF-139, use a CC only charge method, that cycles on and off every few seconds to take a cell voltage reading. During charging, this charger ramps most cells up to ~4.25-4.30V during the final few minutes of charging. I'm not a big fan of this charging method, but it seems to work reasonable well (the cell usually settles to around 4.20V after the charge is terminated). I have seen this charger bring cell voltages high enough to trip the PCB on smaller cells (the protected cell actually terminates the charge, rather than the charger)... If you are using protected cells, then this is still considered OK (sortof)..., but I would not insert a low capacity (like RCR123 size) unprotected cell into one of these chargers, it would probably ramp the cell to ~4.4V or higher before terminating. Overall, chargers that use this style of charge termination (lack of CV stage) are marginal at best. The behavior of various cheap chargers on the market varies, so getting a good charger at a budget price isn't always easy to do. I generally just point straight to the Pila IBC for a quality charger recommendation.
〔11/29/08修訂〕很多便宜的充電器並沒有依照上述先穩流充電CC，再穩壓充電CV來做2階段充電設定。像是WF-139充電器就只使用以每秒鐘就測量一次電池電壓的方式來進行穩流充電。在充電的過程中，充電器會在最後幾分鐘充電階段，把大部份的電池充到4.25-4.3V。我並不支持這種充電方式，但這種方式又似乎是可行的（當充電結束，電池的電壓也大致在4.2V）。我曾經看過這種充電器把電池的電壓充到高到足以啟動小型電池的保護電路（是有保護電路的電池停止充電程序，而不是充電器本身）。假如你用的是有保護電路的電池，用這種充電器應該是OK的…（某種程度上）。但是我不會把小型沒有帶保護電路的充電式鋰電池（如RCR123尺寸）放到這種充電器裏面充電，在停止充電程序之前，它大概會把電池充到比4.4V還要高的程度。整體來說，沒有使用穩壓充電程序的充電器，最好還是不要碰。在市場上的便宜充電器，它的充電方式都不太一樣，所以以合理的價錢選購一個好的充電器並不是一件容易的事。我大致上推薦Pila IBC充電器，作為我信得過的充電器。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:17
第四章 第三部份
also how many cycles do you usually get on those AW cr123s before you want to chuck em ? Here are some safety issues that should be considered. (recently brought to my attention)
在你丟掉那些AW CR123電池之前，你會循環使用幾次？以下是一些關於這個問題的安全守則（我最近注意到這方面的問題）。
CPF member Silverfox has really been enlightening us on these subjects big time, we have him to thank for doing all the grunt work learning more about batteries than most of us could possibly comprehend. He has probably forgotten more about batteries than most of us will ever learn, lol. I am really just regurgitation what he has taught me here.
CPF會員Silverfox已經針對這些主題向我們講解很多次了，我們必需感謝他讓我們學習到很多關於電池的知識。他對電池的知識超越我們一般人很多。我只是把他所提到過的事，再在這向大家說明。
Lithium-Ion cells become more dangerous as they age. The potential for a rapid disassembly increases dramatically as the cell "breaks down" internally. Ideally speaking, when used correctly, a Li-Ion cell could deliver 300-1000 cycles before being considered "done." But the best way to determine when the cell should be discarded, is when the cell is only delivering 80% of it's "new" capacity. So, when you get your cells setup in a configuration, try to get a measurement of how much runtime you are getting "new" and how long they take on the charger to come back up to 4.200V. When the runtime has dropped to 80% of the original, it's time to replace cells.
當使用時間增加，可充電式鋰電池會愈來愈危險。當電池由內部崩解，電池就愈有可能快速解體（註13）。理想上來說，當電池正確地被使用，1顆電池在壞掉前，應可被循環使用300-1000次。但是，要決定電池是否要丟掉的最佳方式是，在電池的蓄電量只達到新電池的80%的時候。所以，當你把電池裝到你組裝好的手電筒的時候（註14），試著去測量新電池組的操作時間，以及要充多久的時間才能使電池達到4.2V。當操作時間降到原來的80%的候，就該是丟掉電池的時候了。
註13 這裏應是指爆炸。
註14 configuration原意是設定，但這裏指的是燈泡及電池所搭配而成的組合。
If any of the following conditions are noticed, the cells are probably coming up on the end of their useful life and should be considered unsafe. Please discard them. Ideally speaking, take them to a recycling collection for li-ion cells.
1. if cells are heating up abnormally during discharge or charge. (slightly warm to the touch is normal, HOT to touch=bad)
2. if cells are taking an abnormally long time to charge, especially in conjunction with heating up. (like 20-30% longer than when *new*)
3. If cells are coming off charger, and loosing substantial voltage after resting for ~15-30 minutes. (like dropping from 4.19 to 3.99). If the cell holds above 4.000 after resting, then the cell is probably still above 80% of "new" capacity. This is probably the easiest way to test for cell health. Charge, test voltage, rest cell for 30 minutes, if it won't hold above 4.00V, it's done.
如果你的電池有下列幾種情況發生的話，你的電池的壽命大概就是完蛋了，你的電池也該被視為是危險的：
1. 在電池充電或放電的過程中產生不正常的高熱（燙手，溫溫的是正常）。
2. 電池充電的時間與正常比較起來過長，尤其又有高熱產生的話。（像是跟新的電池比較起來，多出20%-30%的充電時間）
3. 電池剛充完電，拿下來放約15-30分鐘的時間，電壓就有顯著下降（像是降到4.19-3.99V）。假如電池在放置過後還能維持4.0V，這顆電池大概還有新電池80%的效能。這大概是測試電池健康的最簡便的方法。充電，測電壓，放置30分鐘，假如電池的電壓沒有達到4.0V，電池就是完蛋了。
At the time of writing this, None of the LiCo cells we use in these configurations are technically designed to be discharged continuously in a manner that would deplete them in less than 30 minutes. Any configuration that has an estimated runtime of LESS than 30 minutes will deplete cycle life of LiCo cells much more rapidly than ideal. The best way to overcome this seems to be to charge more frequently (shallow discharges rather than deep discharges, so as to keep the loaded voltage above 3.5V as often as possible), and to only use the light in short bursts. At the time of writing this, I'm going to interpret Silverfoxes recommendations as follows.
在我寫這篇文章的時候，沒有任何LiCo可充電式電池，在技術上，是被設計來應付，在少於30分鐘內連續操作，到把電池電量榨乾的使用方式。任何在30分鐘內會把電池耗盡的燈泡-電池組合，都會急劇的耗損電池的使用壽命。解決這個問題的最佳方式似乎是增加充電的頻率（淺放電，而不要耗盡電力，也就是盡量把電壓保持在3.5V以上），而且只短暫的使用手電筒。在我寫這篇指南的時候，我將盡量在下面講解Silverfox的看法。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:18
第四章 第四部份
When using a configuration that has less than 30 minutes of total estimated runtime, use in short bursts of (ideally) 1 minute or less. Try to only use about 50% or less of the available discharge before recharging. So think of it as a "10 minute" light rather than a 20 minute light. I think these rules can be extrapolated to longer running configurations to improve cycle life as well. For example, if you have a configuration that has an estimated runtime of 30 minutes, only using about 20 minutes or less whenever possible, followed by a recharge, would greatly increase cycle life. Protected cells, unfortunately, don't really have their low-V cutoff set as high as it aught to be to really extend cycle life. Even in configurations with very long runtimes, like say, 150 minutes, leaving the last 20-30% of runtime off would be best. Running it out to 100 minutes, rather than trying to get the full 150 minutes, would increase cycle life of the cells.
當你在使用在30分鐘內就會耗盡電力的手電筒裝置的時候，一次點亮電筒的時間不要超過1分鐘。在使用不到一半的電力以前，最好幫電池充電。所以，你只要把設定來使用30分鐘的手電筒，想像成只能使用10-20分鐘即可。我想這些法則可以有效的延長電池的循環使用壽命。舉例而言，假如你組出了1支預定可用30分鐘的手電筒，你最好只用少於20分鐘的時間。如果可能的話，用完後馬上充電，這樣將會大大的延長電池的循環使用壽命。
[edit in 11/11/08]{Modern LiMn chemistry cells can handle discharge rates that take place in as little as 5-10 minutes depending on the particular cell in question. If you are looking at a configuration that is borderline on LiCo cells, consider a LiMn cell configuration.}
〔11/11/08修訂〕現代的LiMn化合物可充電式電池，依電池品牌不同，可以承受低達5-10分鐘的放電率。假如你的手電筒組合，已經逼近LiCo化合物可充電電池的極限，或許可考量LiMn化合物電池。
If you took a configuration, like a pair of AW RCR123s driving an HO-9 lamp (20 minute runtime) and ran it a full 20+ minutes every run(till protection kicks in), and recharged it, cell capacity would be down to 80% in possibly as little as 10-50 cycles. If this is how you think you would use the light, it would be best to choose a lower power lamp, some larger cell configurations, or a LiMn cell configuration, to get cycle life back up in the hundreds.
假如你採取這樣的手電筒組裝設定，像是用2顆AW RCR123來驅動1顆HO-9燈泡（20分鐘的使用時間），而且每次都用滿20分鐘（直到保護電路介入斷電）然後再充電，可能在充到少於10-50次以後，電池的效能就會降到原來的80%以下。假如你是這樣使用你的手電筒，你最好選擇較低亮度的燈泡，搭配較大的電池組，或者用LiMn電池，來使電池的循環使用次數維持在百次以上。
Ideally speaking, even though you are using protected cells, You should mentally keep track of how much runtime you have used on the light, and watch for dimming. When the light starts to seem noticeably dimmer and orange-er in color output, you should plan on recharging as soon as possible. The cells will protect themselves from being severely over-discharged, however, cycle life is much greater when you use shallower cycles on Li-Ion. So maybe use the light a few minutes a day for various tasks and charge it up every other day. The nice thing about Li-Ion is that it does not develop memory issues, you never really need to do "forming charges" and "full discharges" and stuff like that. Might be good to give them a full charge followed by long run followed by full charge when you get them to break them in, but after that just put em on the charger when ever you want to top them off. Daily would be fine even if you use the light a little bit during the day. Li-Ion cells also have little to no self-discharge. So you can charge it up and know you could come back to that light in a month and have full juice ready to go...
理想上來說，即使你正在使用有保護電路的電池，你在心裏也應該記一下你已經使用手電筒多少時間了，你也該注意亮度下降的情形。當燈光的亮度開始明顯的減低，開始發出暗橘紅色的光線，你應該儘快重新充電。電池會保護自己，以免極度過充的狀況發生，但是電池的循環使用壽命將會大幅的增加，當你將可充電電池保持在較淺度放電的狀況。所以，或許可以找不同的理由，每天都使用手電筒幾分鐘，並且在用完手電筒的隔天，就把電池充一充。可充電鋰電池很好的一點就是，它們並沒有電池記憶效應，你完全沒有必要去做「慣性充電」或者是「完全放電」這些事情。或許一開始在馴服（註14）新電池的時候，你可以做1次完全充電-長時間放電-完全充電的程序，但接下來，你就可以隨時在你想要充電的時候，把電池放上充電器。就算是你每天都只有使用手電筒一點點，每天把電池充電也是好的。可充電式鋰電池的自放電率也很低。所以，當你把電池充完後，你也會發現，就算放了1個月，電池的電量依然很充足。
註14 這是指像是新車的磨合或是玩音響時候的run in。
Special Note for users of Wolf-Eyes M90 13V incan, M300 incan, Boxer HID and Storm Cree lights
特別寫給使用Wolf-Eyes M90 13V 白熾燈, M300 白熾燈, Boxer HID and Storm Cree lights的玩家。
Again, special thanks to Silverfox here for bringing this important information to my attention to include in the guide:
再次特別感謝Silverfox為這篇指南給予這麼重要的資訊。
The chargers included and or available for "pack" charging these lights rely on a slightly less orthodox method of charge termination. The charge is basically a CC (constant current) charge that holds continuous until one of the cells trips the high voltage limit protection at about 4.3V. Since the charge over 4.200V is done at a semi-rapid rate, the cells are only in a state of overcharge temporarily, they settle to ~4.15~4.25V within a few minutes after the charge is terminated. The charging technique works reasonably well provided that the cells are DESIGNED with this in mind. Wolf-Eyes and AW protected cells are the ONLY cells available that should be used in these flashlights if you intend to use the included (or optional) pack/tailcap chargers. Wolf-Eyes PCB (protection) circuits are purposely overbuilt to reliably take on the role of charge termination when used with these chargers. AWs cells also have premium PCBs that can handle the high voltage repeatedly. Again, DO NOT use any other brands of Li-Ion cell on one of these chargers. Without a reliable termination from the cell these chargers can ramp cell voltage to over 4.5V, which is WAY BEYOND the safe zone. Li-Ion cells above 4.4V become VERY unstable. The risk of a very violent vent-with-flame would be very likely if these chargers were used with unprotected cells or poorly protected cells from other brands.
可以用來充上述幾款手電筒電池匣的充電器，採用了與傳統充電方式有一點點不一樣的做法。基本上，它們是使用穩流模式（CC），穩定的將其中一顆電池充到電壓保護臨界值，約是4.3V。既然過充到4.2V是以一種相對快的速率進行，電池只會暫時地處在過充的狀態中，當充電完成後，電池是被設定在幾分鐘內，回到4.15V到4.25V之間。只有當電池在設計的時候，有把這種方式列入考量，這種充電方式才可使用。市售可充電電池只有Wolf-Eyes及AW有這樣的設計，可以用在這種電池匣充電器中。Wolf-Eyes的保護電路，本來就是設計用來在這類型的充電器中，擔任充飽斷電的角色。而AW的高品質保護電路，也可以承受反覆過充的高電壓。再一次強調，不要在這些電筒的電池匣中，使用任何其他品牌的充電式鋰電池。如果這些電池沒有高品質的保護電路，這種充電器將會把電池過充到4.5V的地步，這已經遠遠的超過電池的安全範圍了。電壓超過4.4V的充電式電池非常的不安定。假如在這種充電器使用無保護電路或者是保護電路品質很差的電池，將會使電池有劇烈爆炸的可能性。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:20
Storage and other worthwhile information about Li-Ion cells
第五章 可充電式鋰電池的保存及其他有價值的資訊
Leaving a Li-Ion cell sitting in a state of full charge or near-dead will cause more rapid internal breakdown (oxidation). If you intend to store a Li-Ion cell for a long period of inactivity you can minimize the effects of aging by charging (or discharging, depending on the starting state) the cell to about 3.9V. This is a nice comfortable zone that the cell can sit in and experience very little self discharge and very low internal oxidation for long periods of time. (In theory, most modern cells could probably be stored for a few years without much trouble). Coincidentally, when you buy new cells, it would be best to check their voltage out of the package before you start using them to insure that they were delivered to you within an acceptable voltage range for stored cells. (3.75-4.00V should be reasonable). If you take delivery on cells that are below 3.70V resting it probably means that they have been stored for a long period of time. If they seem to perform up to their expected capacity and hold full charges at 4.20V then there is probably not an issue to be concerned about, but many cheap cells are often cheap because they are over-aged. Be weary of cheap cells as they are often very worn out right out of the package. A $3 cell that is already "50% aged" is not a better value than a $6 cell that comes fresh and ready to go.
將可充電式鋰電池以充滿電或是快沒電的狀態保存，將會加速電池的內部損壞（氧化）。假如你有需要將可充電式鋰電池做長久的保存，你可以將電池充電（或是放電，視電池電力的狀況而定）到3.9V，如此一來可使得電池隨時間自然耗損的情形減到最低。電池可在這個電壓帶做良好的保存，電池在這個電壓也有很低的自放率，並且即使經過長久的時間，電池的內部自然氧化損壞的情況也可減到最低。（理論上，大部份的現代電池大概都可以沒什麼問題地保存好幾年的時間）同時，當你買新電池的時候，在把電池從包裝取出，還沒使用之前，最好就能先測量電池的電壓，以確保電池在交到你手上之前，是處在適合保存電池的電壓帶之間。（3.75-4.0V是合理的範圍）。假如你買到的新電池，電壓低於3.7V，那就表示這顆電池存放了很久。假如電池似乎表現出超出預期的效能，而且電壓維持在4.2V，這就不需要太擔心。但是很多便宜的電池之所以那麼便宜，是因為它們已經過期了。要小心，很多便宜的電池在它們從包裝中取出來的時候，就已經耗損的很嚴重了。1顆已經老化了50%的3塊美金電池，並不會比1顆6塊美金的新鮮且效能良好的電池還要來得值得。
If you want to store a Li-Ion cell on a more short-term basis, like, for example, as backup cells for a power outage, you will probably want to charge to a level that gives good runtime available when the cell is needed, but storing a cell at full charge 4.20V is not going to be ideal. My personal recommendation is a happy medium. I personally charge my "extra" cells to 4.05-4.10V.
假如你想要較短期的保存電池，例如說，當停電的時候要使用的備用電池，你將會需要把電池充到，當你需要使用的時候，電池需要具有一定續航力的程度，但是保存充到飽的4.2V電池並不是個好主意。我個人的建議是充到一個可接受的中間值。我自己把備用電池充到4.05-4.1V。
Cold temperatures can also have a negative effect on Li-Ion cells. If you plan to use your Li-Ion cells in extreme cold, charge to 4.10V rather than 4.20V, there have been some reports of increased risk of cell problems (leaking, bursting, etc) when fully charged cells are exposed to extreme cold.
低溫也會對充電式電池造成不好的影響。假如你打算在極冷的天候下使用充電式電池，把電電充電到4.1V就好，不要充到4.2V。已經有一些報告指出，完全充電的電池曝露在極端低溫的情形下，較容易出問題（漏液、爆炸…等）。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:21
第六章 第一部份
Voltage Concepts of Tactical Lamps and Lithium cells
第六章 強光燈泡及鋰電池的電壓概念
if your getting 8.4Volts on a fresh charge and ur not giving the full 9V you obviouslly lose some lumens and power right ? what would you be getting with those 20mins in aprox. lumens? or would you get the full 320lumens?
假如你的電池是8.4V，你沒有提供足夠的9V電力，你很明顯的會失去一些手電筒的亮度，對吧？在手電筒運作的20分鐘，亮度約是多少流明？或者說你能得到最大320流明的亮度嗎？
Let me begin by saying- if you took a 9V tactical lamp assembly, made by Surefire, LemensFactory, anybody.... doesn't matter, and put it on a bench power supply and set it to 9V at the bulb, it would not last very long at all. Especially the high power ones like the EO-9 and P91, which would probably instaflash at 9V. The HO-9 might last a few minutes to an hour if your lucky. The lower power bulbs might last a little while, the very lower output bulbs (less than an amp) would probably work fine on 9V...
一開始，讓我這樣說好了，假設你拿一顆9V的強光燈泡模組，不管是Surefire的也好、Lumensfactory的也好…任何其他廠牌的都好，把它裝進一組電池組之中，把燈泡設定在9V，它再這麼樣也無法點亮很長的時間。尤其是那些高亮度的燈泡像是EO-9以及P91，大概只能亮一下下。HO-9大概能持續幾分鐘，如果你夠幸運的話，或許1個小時。較低亮度的燈泡可能可以持續久一點，非常低亮度的燈泡（少於1amp）大約能在9V電壓下，工作得很好。
Now.. here's why. This is hard to follow because it's one of those double reverse things where it is the way it is because of the way something it is this way..bleh.. I'll try....
現在…我要解釋為什麼會這樣。這很難說起，因為這是個雙重交錯的事情，為什麼會是這樣，那就是因為它就是那樣…恩…我會試著將事情解釋清楚。
CR123A primary cells, when BRAND new, fresh out of the box, measure about 3.2V per cell. However. When you put a load on them, that voltage does not stay 3.2. This is the case with ALL batteries. They have an open circuit voltage, and they have a working voltage. Depending on how much you demand from the cell (in amps) will determine how much variation there is between open circuit voltage and working voltage... Please Refer to Silverfoxes charts of CR123A discharge characteristics here http://www.candlepowerforums.com/vb/...ad.php?t=67078
You will see that at 1 Amp, most cells almost immediately sag to 2.5V.
CR123A一次性鋰電池，當是剛剛從盒子裏拿出來，全新的時候，測量電壓約是一顆3.2V。然而，當你把它丟到手電筒裏面使用，使它承受工作負荷的時候，電壓並不會維持在3.2V。這是所有電池都一樣的狀況。依照你要從電池裏面榨出的電力不同（amps），將會決定電池的開放電路電壓及工作電壓間的差距。請你參照Silverfox的CR123A放電特性表： http://www.candlepowerforums.com/vb/...ad.php?t=67078
你將會看到，在輸出1Amp電力的時候，大部份的電池電壓會立刻下降到2.5V。
Now, most standard 9V lamps are from 1.1-1.3 Amp. The HO-9 is about 1.5Amp. At 1.5Amp we can expect the average CR123A cell to sag to about 2.4V within a few seconds of being fresh. 3X2.4V=7.2V
現在，大部份標準的9V燈泡，會消耗1.1-1.3amp的電力。HO-9大約消耗1.5amp。在1.5amp的電力消耗的情況下，我們可以預測CR123A電池的電壓，會在開始使用後的幾秒鐘以內，平均來說會下降到2.4V。如果用的是3顆電池的話，總電壓是3X2.4V=7.2V。
So.. when designing high power tactical lamps, they take this into consideration.. They need the lamp to be able to survive that initial high-voltage spike of the first few seconds, but they try to make the bulb in such a way that it will run strong and bright far below 9V, because in reality, the bulb will rarely if ever actually get 9V after the voltage sag of the batteries under a load.
因此，在設計強光燈泡的時候，廠商就有把這一點納入考量。他們需要燈泡能夠承受剛開始使用前幾秒的電壓峯值，但是又必需使燈泡在遠低於9V的電壓值下，正常的投射出強光，因為在現實中，燈泡在電池工作負載的情況下，根本無法提供足夠的9V電壓。
Also take note of the EO-9, which is a 7.2V lamp... this is because it draws 2.0amps and sags the voltage of the cells down even further. they took this into consideration when designing this lamp, by doing so, it is brighter and whiter off of the cells it was intended to be used with.
也看一下EO-09，其實是顆7.2V的燈泡…這是因為它吃2.0amp的電量，會把電池的電壓更往下拉。他們在設計燈泡的時候就有把這種情形考量在內，這麼做，就可在電池工作負載的範圍內，使燈泡發出更白、更亮的光線。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:22
第六章 第二部份
Now... Here's the deal withe Li-Ion
現在輪到可充電式鋰電池的狀況。
.
Yes they do only come off the charger at 4.2V (8.4V total for a pair in series). But as you can see above, the fresh voltage of a cell says very little about the way it works under a load. GENERALLY speaking, Lithium Ion cells suffer from less voltage sag than Lithium Primaries. As a result of this, the ideal voltage range for running a 9V tactical lamp is reached without a problem. Now.... Ordinarily speaking. The ideal setup is to use a 3 cell light like the C3 or 9P or something. This way you can use larger cells. For example. A pair of 17500 size cells are a direct replacement for a set of 3 CR123s. The larger higher capacity cells will also perform as well or better than the original configuration of 3 CR123s.. When you step down a "notch" in size and try to run powerful 9V lamp assemblies off of small RCR123 cells, depending on the cell, you do loose a little bit of performance and a lot of runtime trying to get so much out of so little... but if compact size and bright are important, then we make these sacrifices. As far as real world use goes, you wouldn't be able to tell much different between a HO-9 on a pair of RCR123s to a HO-9 on 3 CR123s... in fact, it's hard to distinguish the difference between LFs HO-9 and EO-9. The human eye just isn't a very good light meter. On a pair of BIG Li-Ion cells like 17670s, the HO-9 runs at about 1.6Amp. On the small RCR123s, it runs closer to 1.5Amp.... So a bigger set of cells will run a little brighter, but you can't see much difference. For long runtime, many people are using "4 cell" sized bodies (length of 4 CR123A cells) that are bored to accept 18mm diameter cells... a pair of 18650s gives about 2200mAh capacity instead of the ~550mAh you get from a pair of RCR123s, So they can drive even more powerful lamps, or run the regular ones much longer. But at the sacrifice of space... [WOLF-EYES and PILA brand lights come from the factory with 18mm diameter cells in mind, no boring neccessary, if you are new to the world of Li-Ion, you would do yourself a great favor to start with one of these brands, being able to support the extra mm diameter cell, adds about 30-50% capacity and current capability to your configuration, you can also piece together a Surfire Style Light using many of the available Surefire heads, bezels, tailcaps, and lamps, in conjunction with Leef or FM bodies sold at Lighthound. The result is Surefire Like quality with support for 18mm cells. this is generally the most expensive, but also the most rewarding, and adaptable option available.]
是的，可充電式鋰電池只有在它們剛從充電器上拿下來的時候，電壓是4.2V（串聯2顆是8.4V）。但是就如同你在上面看到的，電池所標示的電壓，跟實際上有工作負載的工作電壓是不同的。一般而言，可充電式鋰電池在有工作負載時，它的電壓下降的值，較一次性鋰電還要小。因此，要達到驅動9V強光燈泡的理想電壓範圍較沒有什麼問題。現在，一般來說，比較理想的組合是採用1支像是C3、9P或是其他使用3顆電池的手電筒。這麼做，你可以使用較大顆的電池。舉例而言，2顆17500電池就可以直接取代3顆CR123。較大顆，較大電量的電池，工作表現也會比原來的3顆CR123還要更好，至少效能不會較差。當你嚐試使用較小顆的RCR123電池來驅動強力的9V燈泡模組，視使用的電池不同，你將會損失一些效能，形同浪費時間在做無益的事。但是，假如小尺寸的手電筒及強力的光源是重要的，那也只好做出一些犧牲，採用這種設定。但在現實世界的使用環境中，你應該沒有辦法分辨用2顆RCR123及用3顆CR123電池，來驅動HO-9燈泡模組這2種設定之間，到底有什麼不同。事實上，要分辨LFs HO-9及EO-9間的差異，本來就很難。人眼並不是很好的光度計。HO-9搭配2顆大型的可充電鋰電池像是17760，會耗損大約1.6Amp的電量。搭配小顆的RCR123的話，則大概是1.5Amp。所用使用較大顆的電池會稍微亮一點，但是你沒有辦法看出它們的差別。為了要延長使用的時間，很多人會採用4個電池尺寸長度的筒身（4顆CR123A的長度），並且把它擴筒到足以容納18mm直徑的電池。2個18650電池大概就有2200mah的電量，如果使用2顆RCR123就只有550mah，所以他們可以驅動更加強力的燈泡，或者使一般常規的燈泡使用更久的時間。但是，所需要付出的犧牲就是空間。WOLF-EYES跟PILA這2個品牌的手電筒，在生產的時候，就有考量到可以容納18mm直徑的電池，他們並不需要擴筒，假如你剛接觸可充電式鋰電池的世界，從這2個品牌的手電筒開始買，可以為自己省下很多的麻煩，它們可以讓你使用更大直徑的電池，為你的手電筒組合增加30-50%的電容量及效能。當然你也可以使用Surefire的燈頭、壓環、尾蓋、燈泡模組或是使用在Lighthound找到Leef或是FM的筒身來拼出一支Surefire風格的手電筒。結果就可以得到一支可使用18mm電池，品質又與Surefire相近的手電筒。這往往是最貴的組合，但也是最值得也最有彈性的組合。
It's important to note that rechargeable cells are often rated differently than primary cells. Specifically, most primary cells are rated at their "fresh" open-circuit voltage output, while most rechargeable cells are rated at their "nominal" or average output into a load. So a CR123 primary is rated 3.0V, but in reality, under a load, it is usually around 2.25V-2.75V depending on how demanding the load. A Li-Ion cell is rated 3.7V, but in reality, it actually HOLDS 3.7V or higher into most loads. [food for thought time]:The same holds true in comparing Alkaline primary cells to rechargeable NIMH cells. In reality, even thought the NIMH is only rated 1.2V, it will often hold a higher voltage through most of a discharge than it's "1.5V" Alkaline cousin.
了解可充電式鋰電池及一次性鋰電池上標示的數據是不一樣的也是重要的。大部份的一次性鋰電池是標示它剛出廠，在無工作負荷下的輸出電壓值；而大多數的可充電式鋰電池是標示它們的「官方」數據或是在有工作負荷下的平均電壓值。所以CR123一次性鋰電池所標示的數據是3.0V，但事實上，在有工作負荷的情況下，依照它們工作負荷的不同，它們的電壓值大概在2.25-2.75V之間。可充電式鋰電池標示3.7V，但事實上，它的確可以在大多數的工作負荷情況下，維持3.7V或者是更高的電壓值。〔進一步思考時間〕在比較鹼性電池及可充電式鎳氫電池的時候，這種狀況也是一樣的，有些鎳氫電池甚至標示1.2V，但在它工作放電的過程中，大多數的時間，都比它的1.5V鹼性電池表親，維持更高的電壓值。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:23
More cell safety concepts "Cs"
第七章 更多電池安全的概念「C係數」
"Most of these cells are designed to be used up to a 2C current draw, no more " what do you mean by this ?
「這些電池大部份都被設計來使用2C電流輸出，不要超過。」你這麼說是什麼意思？
The "C" rating is the multiplier to discover the maximum safe discharge and charge characteristics.. I mentioned those characteristics above... Now I'll explain further..
「C」係數是得知電池的安全充電及放電特性（註16）的一個乘數。我已經在前面的文章內提過那些特性。現在我會更進一步的解釋。
註16 這裏指單位時間內電流的充電及放電量。
It's quite simple really: easiest thing for me to do is give examples:
cell 1 example:
18500 sized Li-Ion Cell
1500mAh capacity
2C max discharge
1C max charge
take the "2" before the C for max discharge and multiply by the mAh capacity rating of the cell. 2x1500=3000mA max discharge. or 3Amps. same for charge, 1x1500=1500, this cell can be charged at 1.5Amps, no more..
這其實非常簡單，我們就舉例子來說：
電池案例1：
18500 可充電式鋰電池
1500mAh 電容量
2C 最大放電
1C 最大充電
把代表最大放電那一項，C係數前面的數字「2」，乘以電池的電容量「1500mah」。2×1500=3000ma 最大放量，或者是3amps。對充電來說也是一樣的，1×1500=1500，這顆電池可以1.5amps的電量充電，不要超過…
cell 2 example:
26650 size Li-Poly<-
3100mAh capacity
10C max discharge
4C max charge
Take "10" X 3100 = 31,000mA max discharge... 31 Amps. wow! (some Polymer cells can do this... RC guys use stuff like this)
"4"Cx3100mAh = 12.4Amp max charge rate... This cell could be safely charged from dead to full in about 15 minutes without damage.
電池案例2：
26650 鋰聚合物電池<-
3100mAh 電容量
10C 最大放電
4C 最大充電
拿「10」乘以3100等於31000ma的最大放電量…31amps，哇噢！（有些聚合物電池可以做得到…RCguys（註17）就會使用像這樣的玩意兒）。
「4」C乘以3100mah等於12.4amps的最大充電量。這顆電池從乾到充飽，只要充15分鐘，既不會損壞電池，又很安全。
註17 RC guys請原諒譯者才疏學淺，實在搞不清楚這是在玩什麼東西的人，初步推斷，可能是指「玩遙控飛機的人」，RC也代表著以下的縮寫：Red Cross 紅十字會、Research Centre 研究中心、Reserve Corps 後備部隊、Roman Catholic 天主教徒…這是奇摩字典說的。
Ratings like this are given to all sorts of batteries... You just take the C rating and multiply by capacity to find out the maximum current allowed for that function..
所有電池都有像這樣的標示。你只需要把C係數乘上電池的容量，你就可以找出電池可容許的最大或最低放電量。
There are some batteries specifically designed for the safe delivery of up to a hundred amps or more.
有一些電池被特別設計來做數百安培甚至超過的安全放電。
Unfortunately, The LiCo cells we use, aren't so advanced just yet. Most of the Li-Ion cells we are using are rated between 1.5 and 2C...
很不幸的，我們所使用的充電式電池還沒有那麼先進。大多數我們在使用的充電式電池都是標示在1.5及2C之間。
It has been recently brought to my attention by Silverfox, that the cell manufactures, and the cell labelers, may not really be "in agreement" when rating cells. Until I can gather more information on this, consider configurations with an estimated runtime of less than 30 minutes, to be pushing cells "beyond 2C."Something that the original cell manufacture would not have recommended. So if the maximum discharge rate is 2C, it only means "capacity x 2" IF the cell holds it's rated capacity at that load. Most cells do not deliver their rated capacity into high loads, so it's important to re-calculate the maximum safe discharge rate based on the typical capacity of a cell into a particular load. See safety/use section above for further information. The cells that this issue seems to be MOST PREVALENT for are the RCR123 size cells, which seem to come with the most inflated capacity ratings. (by as much as 75% or more in some cases, which can lead people to believe they have a much higher safe discharge rate then they do in reality) Most larger format cells sold by AW/WE/Pila are very close to their rated capacity and can be used pretty close to a discharge rate that is double the rated capacity. (A 1.5 or 1.6AH 17670 should handle a ~3 amp load pretty safely).
Silverfox最近跟我說了一些我很感興趣的事，電池製造商及電池研發人員，對於如何標示電池的諸元並沒有真正形成共識。在我可以在此得到更多資訊之前，總是認為在少於30分鐘的時間內，將電池搾乾，是讓電池「超過2C」的工作負荷。這是電池製造商不會建議做的事。所以如果電池的最大放電安全係數是2C，那只意味著「容量×2」，這是假設電池在那樣的工作負擔，還能維持它所標示的效能的情況下才成立。大部份的電池，在高工作負荷的時候，並無法輸出它所標示的電量，因此，根據電池在特殊工作負荷的情況下的電量輸出，來重新計算電池的安全放電量就很重要。請研讀本指南第四章電池的安全使用來了解更多的資訊。論壇的會員最常使用的可充電式電池應該是RCR123電池，這種電池的標示電量也最常灌水（在某些電池上，甚至灌水程度高達75%以上，這會使使用者相信，他們在實際使用的過程中，可以以很高的安全放電量來操作）。AW/WE/Pila所賣的大多數大容量電池，它們標示的電量很接近它們實際的電量，所以可以很安全的操作2倍於電池電量的放電率（註18）（1.5A或1.6AH的17670電池可以安全的承受3amps放電的工作負荷）。
註18 即為2C放電。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:23
The "Guilt Free" Lumens concept
第八章 無痛使用概念
A long time ago(before my time even), a very valued member here at CPF, Paul_In_Maryland, coined the phrase "guilt-free lumens." Here's what he was talking about.
很久以前（甚至在我進入論壇之前），一位在CPF上很有貢獻的老前輩，Paul_In_Maryland，提出了「無痛使用」（註19）的觀念。以下就是一些他說過的論點。
went through 4 surefire 123s today playing with it, and have decided ..time for rechargeable cells!.
在玩過了4顆Surefire 123一次性鋰電池時期後的現在，我決定了，該是使用可充電式鋰電池的時候了。
The whole reason so many of us are going rechargable is to be able to just play , guilt free. Showing off a fancy light shouldn't come at the guilt of knowing that it is sucking down 2-10+ dollars an hour (depending on configuration) in primary cells. Having rechargeables in a light also lets you use it for more tasks where it is handy, but maybe not necessary, without feeling that guilt of coming that much closer to dropping in more and more cells.
很多玩家開始使用可充電式鋰電池的唯一理由就是，我們就是要玩手電筒，不要心痛。讓手電筒發出令人目眩神迷的光芒，並不需要代表著你在1小時之內燒掉2-10塊美金以上的一次性鋰電（依照你的手電筒而定，譯者按：在台灣可又不只這個價格）。在手電筒裏裝上可充電式鋰電池，讓你可以儘情的使用手電筒，而不用為了一次又一次的丟掉愈來愈多的一次性鋰電池而感到心痛。
註19 guilty free原意為無罪惡感，在華人玩家的世界，意即大家熟悉的無痛使用，也就是不用為了小朋友大量出走而心痛。
Rechargeable Lithium Ion cells will often deliver 300-1000 cycles depending on how they are used. at a cost of about $6-25 per cell, all it takes is about 6-25 cycles for the cells to have paid for themselves when compared to lithium photo batteries. Since li-ion cells can be "topped up" at any time, we can, guilt free, always have "fresh" cells in the flashlight. Never to throw out a partially depleted cell again because we want to go back to "full brightness." Keep this in mind when choosing cells remember that even if you buy the MOST EXPENSIVE Li-Ion cells they will still be saving you money in the long run. So getting good quality cells shouldn't be looked at as "too expensive" when in reality, it's still cheaper than running primaries.
根據它們的使用方式不同，可充電式鋰電池有著300-1000次循環使用壽命。充電式電池一顆大概賣6-25塊美金，跟使用一次性鋰電池比較起來，只要重覆充電使用個6-25次就能回本。既然充電式電池隨時都可以「充滿電」，我們可以總是可以，無痛的，在手電筒裏面使用充滿電量的電池。不要再只為了讓手電筒發出最強光度，而把只用了一半的一次性鋰電池丟掉了。要記得，即使你買的是最昂貴的充電式鋰電池，以長期使用的角度來看，它們還是可以為你省錢。所以買好品質的電池不應被當做「昂貴」，在實際的使用上，它們依然比使用一次性電池便宜。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:24
Lumens, Watts, FUN
第九章 流明、功率（瓦特）及樂趣
would you get the full 320 lumens[using 2x lithium ion to drive a 9V bulb]???.
All I can say here is.. try not to get too hung up on lumens.. (I do all the time, but I shouldn't)... For starters, there is such a massive difference in the way different manufactures measure and rate lumens, that you cannot compare the numbers, you have to know the lamps first hand, or have a really good idea of how they were rated to get the number..
〔用2顆可充電式電池〕 你可以得到320流明的全亮度嗎？我在這裏所能說的是…不要太執著於亮度吧！（我自己也常常這樣，但不應該這樣做…）。對初接觸手電筒的人來說，廠商測量及標示亮度的方式，有著很大的差異，你不能只看數字。一開始，你必需對他們怎麼去得到這個數字，要有充份的了解，或者有個清楚的概念。
The best way to compare tactical incandescent lights... is to compare power consumption. Keep in mind that different configurations may have different efficiencies, so this isn't an exactly perfect comparison, but it's worth consideration for a "rule of thumb" comparison.
要比較強光手電筒的亮度，最好的方法，就是去比較它們消耗的電力。要記得，你用不同的燈泡-電池的組合，會產生不同的效能，雖然這不是一個完美的比較法，但卻可視為是一個實用的方法。
Your P60 is a ~5V lamp that draws ~1.2Amp. it's about 6 Watts of light. The HO-9 is ~7.2V on fresh RCR123s at about 1.55Amp, or about 11Watts...it's about twice as bright. By comparison, a P61 is about 4.5V in operation by about 2.5Amps, which is also about 11W... notice how the P61 is rated 120 lumen by Surefire, The HO-9 is rated 320 lumens by LF... and believe it or not... both companies have a legitimate number, because they measure differently. Surefire is talking about torch lumens at some point during the discharge (like with half used batteries)... LF is talking about bulb lumens on ~fresh cells. I think Surefire also derates even farther than that... It's nuts how underrated some of their lamps are.
你的P60是1顆耗電量1.2Amp，5V的燈泡，它的功率大約是6W。HO-9是9V，用剛充好的RCR123電池，會消耗1.55Amp的電力，或是說大約功率11W，大概是P60的2倍亮。再比較下去，P61燈泡模組大概是4.5V，耗電量約是2.5Amp，大概是11W的功率。要注意到的是，Surefire把P61模組標示為120流明；而LF卻把HO-9標示為320流明。而且信不信由你，這2個商家所標示的流明值都是有實測根據的…，這只是因為他們測量的方法不同。Surefire是用放電到一定程度的電池（例如只剩下一半電力的電池）來做燈泡的亮度值測試。LF是用全新的電池來做燈泡的亮度測試。我個人甚至認為，Surefire在標示他們產品的亮度值時，又遠低於這個水準（註20）。Surefire一定是瘋了，才會把產品的亮度值標示的那麼低。
註20 指用電量一半的電池，所測出的水準。
Keep in mind that the eyes are not a very good judge of lumens, and we can not very accurately distinguish a difference unless the difference is about 30% or more. So often times, a "step down" in brightness is just as useful, while provided longer runtime and a better overall utility value of the flashlight. Also keep in mind, that eyes adjust for light intensity, so in a totally dark environment, like out in the woods away from a city, a few lumens goes a long way. Competing with other sources of light to bring the light on a subject "up to" the level of it's surroundings is a situation that often demands more lumens. There is often a misunderstanding that you need more light the darker it is, this couldn't be farther from the truth. In the woods with no ambient light, 100-200 lumens is awesome. In town, lighting up an address at 75ft can take 400-1000 lumens before it is easily visible when eyes are adjusted for all the ambient light.
記得，眼睛對亮度的判斷十分地不準，除非實際亮度的差距在30%以上，我們並沒有辦法十分地精確判斷2支手電筒間亮度的差異。因此減低亮度，以獲得手電筒更長的使用時間，及更有效的發揮電池的使用效能，常常是更加有用的。同時也記得，眼睛會隨著光線的強弱而調整，所以在一個像是遠離都市的森林，這種完全黑暗的環境，只要一點點亮度，就十分的有用。在週遭有亮光的環境下，要壓過環境光害，把光線投射到一個物體上，常常需要極高的亮度。而筒友們常誤解一件事，那就是在愈黑的環境中，我們愈需要更亮的手電筒，這是一個完全錯誤的觀念。在無環境光源，完全黑暗的森林中，100-200流明就已經亮到不行了。在城市中，在你的眼睛已經適應了環境光源後，你可能需要400-1000流明，才能照亮一個，在75呎的距離，你要看的物體。
When you desire an "upgrade" in brightness, choose a configuration that is at LEAST double the wattage you are currently running to be impressed. Like going from a P90 to a P91.
當你想要升級亮度，就選擇至少可以增加2倍瓦特數的燈泡-電池組合，這樣你才會比較有成就感，例如把P90升級到P91。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:25
"3.0V" lithium Ion rechargeable cells
第十章 3.0V可充電式鋰電池
Very often, someone asks a question about using a "special" type of Li-Ion rechargeable battery that is supposedly 3.0V. They usually want to use a pair of these to run their 6V lamps. This is my response to anyone considering this setup...
常常有人會問到使用一種特殊的3.0V可充電電式鋰電池。他們想使用2顆來驅動他們的6V燈泡。這一章是回應任何有這種需要的人。
either:
1. The cells will have protection circuits and won't power up the P60.
2. The cells won't have large enough voltage regulators to handle the current and the will go bad after a few cycles.
3. The P60 will burn out, instantly, or after a few cycles because the Li-Ion 3.0V does not sag under a load as much as the primary cells the lamp was designed for do.
4. The cells will not live up to their capacity rating at the level of power you demand from them, giving poor runtime (10-20 minutes)
5. The voltage regulator in the cell will overheat, in conjunction with the heat from the lamp, and the cell, you will be at high risk of vent-with-flame.
6. You wish you had just started with the 9V configuration to begin with.
下列的任何一種情況都會發生：
1. 電池會有保護電路，而這種電池上的保護電路，可能使得電池無法點亮燈泡。
2. 電池沒有足以承載大電流量的電壓調節器，可能用過幾次後就會故障。
3. P60燈泡將會馬上或用過幾次就燒毀，因為3.0V的可充電式電池，在有工作負荷的情況下，電壓值並不會像是一次性鋰電池那樣下降，而P60燈泡是被設計來適應一次性鋰電這種特性的。
4. 電池並沒有辦法符合你所期待的效能，輸出的電量很小，可操作的時間也很短（10-20分鐘）。
5. 電池內的電壓調節器會過熱，再加上燈泡所產生的熱度，你會冒著你的手電筒將會爆炸的風險。
6.你最好從9V的燈泡設定開始入手。
choose one of the following configurations:
1. a 3.7V bulb powered by 1 Lithium-Ion Cell.
2. a 9V bulb powered by 2 Lithium-Ion Cells.
3. a 13V bulb powered by 3 Lithium-Ion Cells.
選擇以下的燈泡-電池組合設定：
1. 1個3.7V的燈泡，由1顆可充電式鋰電池驅動。
2. 1個9V的燈泡，由2顆可充電式鋰電池驅動。
3. 1個13V的燈泡，由3顆可充電式鋰電池驅動。
This response is in reference to 3.7V Lithium Cobalt Oxide cells that have voltage regulators built in to step down the voltage.
以上的組合是給使用內建電壓調節器把3.7V鋰鈷一氧化物的電壓往下調整的可充電式電池的回應。
There are some new chemistries of Lithium rechargeables coming out, for example, LifeP04 chemistry. This guide does not cover the uses of these cells as they are very new, time will tell what configurations these cells are good for.
有一些用新的化學物質構成的可充電式鋰電池問世了，例如，LiFeP04化學電池。因為這些電池非常新，這篇指南並沒有涵蓋這些電池，但是時間會告訴我們這些電池到底性能如何。
I would like to make note, that it is sometimes becoming hard to distinguish what cells really are "under the hood." Many LiFeP04 cells are simply sold as "3.0V Li-Ion cells" which can make it difficult to know what they are. Different types of "3.0V" cells have different charging requirements, anywhere from 3.6V, 3.8V, 4.4V, and 4.5V, and chargers are often very misleading on which type of 3.0V cell they are intended to charge. If you do have a special application for a 3.0V cell, please be absolutely certain you are getting the proper charger, check with the distributor of the cells, they usually sell "bungles" that include the correct charger for the cell being sold. At this time, I recommend LiFeP04 "3.0V" cells over the previous generation 3.7V cells with regulators in them. The new chemistry is very safe. They don't have as much total capacity, but at least you don't have to worry about them misbehaving.
我要指出，有時候，分辨在封裝下的電池，到底是什麼電池是很難的。很多LiFeP04電池就只被當作是3.0V可充電式電池來販售，這使得分辨這些電池成為一件困難的工作。不同種類的3.0V電池，會有不同的充電需求，它們可能會是3.6V、3.8V、4.4V或是4.5V。而到底哪種充電器該充哪種3.0V的電池，也常常讓人搞不清楚。假如你真的有特殊的需求，必需用到3.0V的充電式電池，請你絕對要很確定，你使用的是正確的充電器，或許也可以問一下電池的經銷商，他們通常有販售「bundle」包裝的商品，也就是電池連同正確的充電器一起販售的包裝。這一次，我會推薦LiFeP04，3.0v的電池；而不是用內建電壓調整器把原來3.7V降壓的電池。這種新的化學物質非常安全。它們的電容量相對的比較小，但至少你不用擔心它們會隨時給你出狀況。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:25
Why doesn't my flashlight work?
第十章 為什麼我的手電筒不會亮？
There are an enormous number of threads started like this:
I bought rechargeable protected cells from "X seller" and it isn't working???
5 times out of 10, the protection circuit in the cell, is shutting down the cell before the lamp can come to life. This has been a problem for Li-Ion users since the beginning, but people ignore the suggestions, save a few dollars ordering cheap cells from some other place, and then find out that their cells are useless to them... Keep in mind that MOST protected Li-Ion cells were never designed with the characteristics of an incandescent bulb in mind, so they will not deliver the startup current that the bulb demands. Bulbs draw 3-5+ times their steady state power for the first few milliseconds. A cold filament has much less resistance than a hot one. If that power drain trips the protection in the cell, the light won't turn on.. In some cases, you can "tap" the switch a few times, to bring the filament up to temperature, but ideally speaking, having cells designed with incandescent lamps in mind is best. Please stick to AWs protected, Wolf-Eyes, or Pila cells. There have been some recent tests showing that Pila cells are slightly better performing than the others, but they are also quite expensive, so choose your cells wisely. At the time of writing this, AW is the only seller of a RCR123 sized cell WITH a protection circuit that will reliably and safely light up lamps up to 1.5Amp without the need for "double tapping" or any other issues.
有無數的討論串以這種方式開頭：
我從X經銷商那裏買了有保護電路的可充電電池，但它沒有用？
10次裏面會有5次，是電池內部的保護電路在手電筒亮起來之前就把電流斷路。從玩家開始用可充電電池以來，這一直就是一個問題，但是人們也忽略掉一個可能性，那就是為了省幾塊錢從一些地方買了很便宜的充電式電池，才發現，它們根本無法使用。記得，大部份的可充電式電池，在設計製造的時候，並沒有把電燈泡的用電特性考量在內，所以它們沒有辦法輸出燈泡在開始點亮的時候，所需求的啟動電流。燈泡在啟動瞬間的幾毫秒，會從電池內榨取比平常使用時3-5倍以上的電力。冷的鎢絲的電阻比熱的時候低很多。假如瞬間的大電流量，觸發了電池內建的保護電路，手電筒當然不會點亮。有時候，你可以連續多按幾次開關，讓鎢絲溫度上升，但理想上來說，最好買為強光手電筒設計的充電式鋰電。這裏還是建議購買AW、Wolf-Eye或者是Pila的電池。最近有一些測試指出，Pila電池的性能較其他2個廠牌還要好一些些，這這牌子的電池十分昂貴，所以還是得仔細的選擇電池。在寫這篇指南的時候，AW是唯一出產有保護電路而且是可靠的，足以安全的點亮1.5amp以上耗電量的RCR123電池的廠商，它不需要一直按開關，或做其他多餘的事，即可點亮手電筒。
4 times out of 10, the flashlight is not working because there is a break in electrical contact somewhere in the path. Keep in mind that lithium-ion cells in various configurations may be +/- a few mm from original CR123 configuration. Many lithium-ion cells do not have the button contacts on the positive ends the way ordinary primary cells do. The positive end is often recessed about 0.5mm from the shrink-wrapping. The most common solution to making contact between cells is the use of small neodymium "rare-earth" magnets between the cells. Many users advise against using these magnets because there is a risk of the magnet sliding to the edge of the body and shorting out a cell. It has been my experience, that if there is a lip on the cell preventing contact to the next cell, that lip will usually prevent the shifting of the magnet. The use of protected cells also reduces the risk in using magnets because 99% of the time you short out a protected cell, it will shut down within a millisecond, preventing damage to the cell. If you drop your flashlight, and you are using magnets to make contact, I recommend removing the cells, and checking for magnet placement as soon as possible to prevent any complications. Other connection issues can often be solved by stretching a spring, or cleaning up contact points. (sanding, pro-golding, etc).
10次裏面有4次，手電筒是因為內部有空隙（註20）而無法點亮。記得，可充電式鋰電與一次性鋰電相較起來，它們的+/-極是有幾mm誤差。很多可充電式電池，在正極端無法像一次性鋰電那樣，接觸到燈泡模組。因為熱縮膜包裝的關係，正極端會短0.5mm左右。要使電池接觸在一起的最常見的解決方式，就是在電池間使用釹稀土磁鐵。很多使用者建議不要使用磁鐵，因為有可能電池會滑到邊邊，碰觸到筒身，造成電池短路。我的經驗是，電池封裝的塑膠膜，會有一定的厚度來防止電池彼此接觸，那應該會防止磁鐵滑動。使用有保護電路的電池，也可以減低使用磁鐵的風險，當你使有保護電路的電池短路，保護電路將會在1毫秒內中斷電池的運作，來防止電池的損壞。假如你的手電筒掉到地上，而你有使用磁鐵的話，我會建議你把電池拿出來，儘快檢查磁鐵放置的位置，以免任何意外發生。其他解決方式像是延長彈簧的長度，或是把接觸端子清理乾淨，都可以試著做做看。
註20 這裏的空隙是指電池太短而無法接觸到燈泡模組端，形成電路。
AW often sends magnets when you buy batteries and chargers from him that may need them. Most Radio Shack stores also carry packs of 2 under the part number 64-1895. These are perfect size... However, the RadioShack variety does not have a nickel plating like most others, so they are more prone to shatter under stress, so be careful when handling them.
AW在你買充電器或電池的時候常會送磁鐵，你在需要的時候就可以用上。大多數的Radio Shack商店（註21），可以買到2顆封裝在一起的電池，貨號是64-1895。這就是完美的尺寸。但這種封裝並沒有像其他大部份的封裝一樣使用焊鎳，它們在壓力下很容易解體，所以當你在使用這種電池的時候要小心。
註21 應該是販售無線電器材的商店。
1 out of 10 times, the bulb or switch is burnt out and the user is unaware. You can use a DMM set to ohms, (or continuity check) to test bulbs and switches. A reading indicating "open circuit" or very high resistance (several thousand ohms or higher) will almost always mean a burnt out bulb or busted switch.
10次裏面有1次，是因為燈泡或開關燒壞了，而使用者沒有察覺。你可以用數位電表，設定到 ohms（或做通連測試）來測試燈泡及開關。如果讀數顯示開放電路或是非常高的抗組值（數千或更高的ohms值）幾乎可以確定是澄泡或是開關燒壞了。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:26
We will always have people using unprotected LiCo cells for various reasons. These cells are often much cheaper. They do work, provided the user is willing to monitor the condition of the cells, and be very careful not to over-discharge the cells. Please avoid unprotected cells unless you know what you are doing. I'm not going to discuss setups involving unprotected cells in this guide. If it won't work with a protected cell, it's probably a dangerous configuration that should be avoided.
我們總是會看到筒友們因為各式各樣的因素使用無保護電路的可充電式電池。這些電池便宜很多。這些電池當然有用，它們是提供給願意隨時監控電池狀況的人，要非常小心，不要過充這些電池。除非你自己知道你在做什麼，否則就不要使用無保護電路的可充電電池。在這篇指南中，我不打算討論無保護電路電池的組合設定。假如你的手電筒不是用有保護電路的電池-燈泡組合設定，這樣的組合應該被視為是危險的，應該避免。
If you are going to build up a configuration that uses unprotected cells, please choose a quality brand cell to minimize risk. Off-brand cells may not be very well matched capacity wise from cell to cell which could lead to unforeseen problems. some quality unprotected cells are LG, Sony, and Panasonic.
假如你要用無保護電路的電池來做燈泡-電池的組合，請選用有品質的大廠電池來把風險減到最低。無牌電池本身電池與電池間的電量就無法搭配得很好，這可能會引發不可預測的危險。大廠電池如LG、Sony、Panasonic都可以考慮。
[edit in 11/11/08]{LiMn chemistry cells are not available with protection circuits and do not need protection circuits, ignore this warning if you are using LiMn chemistry cells}
〔11/11/08修訂〕LiMn化合物可充電電池是沒有保護電路的，而它們也不需要保護電路，你如果使用的是LiMn電池，可以忽略這個警告。
The use of magnets to make contact between unprotected cells (regardless of chemistry) is very risky as the magnet can shift and make contact with the body of the flashlight and short out the cell.
用磁鐵在無保護電路電池間做連接（不論任何化學成份的電池）具有非常高的風險，因為磁鐵可能移動，並接觸到手電筒的筒身造成電池的短路。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:27
Cell sizes
第十二章 電池的尺寸
So what's with all the numbers? Lets decrypt the code
所以那些數字到底是什麼？讓我們來解碼吧！
Here's some references to cell sizes and their names, Pila and Wolf-eyes make 4 cell sizes... they are roughly the same as the "industry" sizes by the following chart.
這裏有一些電池名稱及尺寸的參考資料，Pila及Wolf-Eyes製造4種尺寸的電池，他們在下列的表中，大致上是符合工業用的尺寸。
AW follows the "normal" cell naming structure described below:
AW遵守正規的電池規格標示，敘述在下面：
mm diameter x mm length, the 0 on the end stands for cylindrical.
a 21370 cell would be 21mm diameter, 37mm long, cylindrical.
mm直徑×mm長度，最後的數字0代表圓桶形。
1顆21370電池的直徑是直徑21mm，長37mm，圓桶形的電池。
AW...WE...PILA
17500/150B/300S=1.5x length of a CR123 and slightly thicker, fits most SF bodies. capacity ~1000-1100mAh
18500/150A/300P=1.5x length of a CR123 and quite a bit thicker, fits WE, Pila, Leef bodies, and some other chinese lights. capacity ~1400-1500mAh
17670/168B/600S= 2x length of a CR123 and slightly thicker, fits most SF bodies. capacity ~1500-1600mAh
18650/168A/600P=2x length of a CR123 and quite a bit thicker, fits WE, Pila, Leef bodies, and some other chinese lights. capacity ~1800-2600mAh
AW...WE...PILA
17500/150B/300S=1.5x1顆 CR123長度，有一點點比較厚，可以塞得進大部份Surefire的桶身。電容量1000-1100mAh。
18500/150A/300P=1.5x l 顆CR123長度 ，有比較厚，塞得進WE、 Pila、Leef 桶身，還有其他的中國製手電筒。電容量1400-1500mAh。
17670/168B/600S= 2x 1顆CR123長度，有一點點比較厚，可以塞得進大部份Surefire的桶身。電容量1500-1600mAh。
18650/168A/600P=2x l 顆CR123長度 ，厚很多，塞得進WE、 Pila、Leef 桶身，還有其他的中國製手電筒。電容量1800-2600mAh
the 123 reference:
16340=16320=16330=CR123A=R123=RCR123A. we have lots of ways we "short-hand" these common cells, often just called "123" in reference to this size cell.
Primary CR123As: 3.0V 1300mAh
Li-Ion RCR123As: 3.7V ~500-600mAh
123電池參考資料：
16340=16320=16330=CR123A=R123=RCR123A。市面上對於這種尺寸的電池的型號太多了，這裏無法一一列舉，反正通稱為123尺寸電池。
一次性 CR123: 3.0V 1300mAh
可充電式 RCR123: 3.7V ~500-600mAh
more size references
15270=CR2 lithium photo battery size
14670=4/3AA (often used in some SF bodies that are so narrow, that a 17670 will not fit, also used in mag-light mods a lot)
14500= same size as a AA cell
14250= same diameter, half the length of an AA cell
10440= AAA cell size
更多其他尺寸電池參考資料：
15270=CR2 相機用一次性鋰電池。
14670=4/3AA (常用在17760裝不下去的Surefire狹窄桶身,也常用在17760裝不下的mag-lite筒身)
14500= 跟AA電池一樣尺寸
14250=跟 AA電池直徑一樣，但長度只有一半
10440= 跟AAA電池尺寸一樣
There are a lot more cells out there, this is just some of the stuff we see around here pretty commonly.
在市面上還有很多其他的電池，但大多數跟我們上述所提到的電池是十分相近的。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:27
Compatibility
第十三章 相容性
Now we know how big the cells are, where do I stuff em?
現在，我們已經知道電池有多大了，我們要怎麼搭配手電筒呢？
If a CR123A, is 16mm x 34mm, and we have a flashlight that holds 2 cells, then we have about ~67mm of length to work with. If this is a Surefire, then we probably have room for a 17mm diameter cell, if it's a Wolf-Eyes, then we have room for a 18mm diameter cell. We can use either a 17670, or an 18650 size cell, or 2 RCR123 size cells, we can use 3.7V, or 9V lamps.
假如CR123A的尺寸是16mm×34mm，我們有一個可以裝2顆電池的手電筒，我們就有一個67mm長的空間可供利用。如果這是Surefire桶身，我們大概有可以塞進直徑17mm電池的空間。假如是Wolf-Eyes的電筒，我們就有空間可以塞入18mm直徑的電池。我們可以使用17670或者是18650電池，或是2顆RCR123電池，來搭配3.7V或是9V的燈泡。
If we buy a flashlight that holds 3 of these. Then we have about ~100mm of length to work with. So a PAIR of 17500, or 18500 cells, would fit great. This will drive 9V lamps. There are a few configurations that would allow the use of 3 RCR123 cells driving a ~13V lamp in this size body as well.
假如我們買的手電筒可以使用3顆RCR123電池。我們就可以有大約100mm的長度可以使用。因此2顆17500或是18500電池就可以很容易地放進去。這可以驅動9V燈泡。有一些燈泡-電池的組合也可以讓我們使用3顆RCR123電池來驅動13V的燈泡。
If our flashlight holds 4 of these cells, then we have more like ~130mm of length to work with. So we are going to use a PAIR of 17670 or 18650 size cells to drive a 9V lamp.
假如我們的手電筒可以使用4顆RCR123電池，我們就會有大約130mm的長度可用。所以我們就會使2顆17670或是18650電池來驅動1顆9V燈泡。
There are some custom configurations made possible through the use of Wolf-Eyes extenders/bodies, Leef bodies, and other modifications, that allow the use of 3 50mm long cells, or 3 ~65mm long cells, to drive 13V "turbo" lamps.
有一些個人化的設定組合，透過使用Wolf-Eyes的延長筒或是筒身、Leef的筒身或是其他品牌的筒身，讓我們可以使用3顆50mm長的電池，或是3-65mm來的電池，來驅動13V的渦輪頭。
I have added a list of well known configurations that use D26 type lamps and many other lamps in the next post of this guides thread.
我也在下一則討論串的列表中添加了使用了D26燈泡模組及其他種類的燈泡，所完成的常用組合。
There are many other brands of tactical lights that use similar configurations of photo batteries, and lamps. Ultrafire and Superfire tactical lights, G&P tactical lights, PILA tactical lights. There are also some "no-name" oddballs that can be had for very cheap through sources like http://www.dealextreme.com that support the common 26mm lamp and photo batteries. To maximize your success rate on li-ion conversions, I suggest sticking to higher quality stuff that has good dealer/manufacture support. Wolf-Eyes and Pila are a great place to start if you want to buy a purpose designed Li-Ion powered incandescent flashlight.
有很多其他品牌的強光手電筒使用相機鋰電及燈泡的相似組合設定，例如Ultrafire及Superfire強光手電筒、G&P強光手電筒及PILA強光手電筒。在這個網站：http://www.dealextreme.com也可以買到很多不知名的奇怪燈泡，可以用來搭配常見的26mm燈泡及相機電池。為了使你改用充電式電池的成功機率增到最大，我建議你還是應該購買有優良的經銷商及廠家做後盾的產品。如果你想要組合出一組有特定使用目的的強光白熾燈手電筒，Wolf-Eyes 及Pila將會是一開始做燈泡-電池組合的好地方。作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-30 14:28
LINKS
第十四章 好用連結
I decided to add a section with links to lamps and cells:
我決定增加一段與燈泡及電池相關的好用連結。
Most of this is copy/pasted from my responses in other threads, I am adding and re-arranging and organizing and elaborating on particular areas as I edit.
這篇指南大部份是由我所回應的帖子中剪貼而來，我在指南中再把這些資料做增添、組織及去蕪存菁的動作。
Special thanks to Paul_In_Maryland for teaching me when I came to CPF (and many others). And to those who asked all the great questions to make this possible.. Also, Thank you members Silverfox and Newbie and others who are continually increasing safety awareness of Lithium-chemistry cells here at CPF. Your tests and expertise are invaluable.
特別感謝Paul_In_Maryland（以及很多其他人）在我來到CPF應壇的時候教導我。也感謝所有詢問我問題的朋友，你們的問題促使這篇指南問世。也很感謝Silverfox、Newbie及其他的朋友，持續地在CPF論壇上增加有關可充電式鋰電池的相關知識。你們的專業及對電池的測試是無價的。
I will continue to update and improve and expand this guide for as long as I can edit the thread. It's kinda still in rough-draft stages.
只要在我能力所及，我會持續地更新及擴充這份指南。這篇指南在某種程度上還是處於草稿階段。
另外報告大人
讀到
第四章第一部份
(3.5V is basically dead on a li-ion cell)
(原則上，在一次性鋰電中，3.5V表示該電池已經徹底沒電了）。
這裡應該是指二次鋰電吧!!
小的英文很菜，希望沒講錯!!作者: rockhong01 時間: 2012-3-31 00:44
刀射rockhong01 兄!