聖經-白熾燈使用充電式鋰電池的搭配中譯版

rockhong01

寫在前面：
    由於喜歡白熾燈，閱讀了bouli版主推薦的白熾燈使用充電式電池的聖經，使得小弟有機會讀到這篇原文文章。
    因在閱讀討論串的過程中，有很多前輩提到，因為語言的關係，無法一窺這篇聖經的全貌。就在小弟讀完全文後，深深覺得此文對於使用充電式電池的版友們（不管是不是有使用白熾燈），真的有極大的幫助，於是決定利用空餘的時間，將之譯為中文，希望以小弟綿薄之力為論壇盡一己之力。
    關於此譯文，小弟有幾點要先說或拜託各位前輩的：
    1.此譯文小弟目前將之定位為修訂階段，小弟要特別強調，我個人是「文」學院出身，關於「電」或「工」專業的部份，有一定程度的障礙，雖已盡力找尋參考資料，譯文一定會有不足之處，所以在此以中英文對照的方式呈現，小弟懇請版上高手前輩，若有空可以協助修訂，以讓此譯文更臻完備，以對有需要的前輩更有幫助。等到修訂得差不多了，小弟會再把譯文重排成全中文版，以方便各位前輩利用。
    2.初到論壇的燈友，或是常利用到充電式電池的前輩，不管是否喜歡白熾燈，強烈的建議詳細閱讀「第四章 安全的使用可充電式電池及其安全守則」，這對個人使用充電電池的安全性，有絕對的幫助。
    3.歡迎各位前輩利用此譯文，但若要轉貼至公開場合，懇請註明原文來源及原文作者，以示對原文作者的尊重。
    最後感謝bouli兄推薦這篇好文，文章很長，我們就開始吧！

rockhong01

白熾燈使用可充電式電池指南

原文來源網址：http://www.candlepowerforums.com ... ty-comparison-chart
原作者：modocod
文章推薦：bouli
中文譯者：rockhong01

INTRODUCTION
    第一章  序文

    This guide, represents everything I wish I could respond with, whenever a question about lithium-ion tactical flashlights is asked. Obviously, there is a lot to say on the subject. I think I have pretty much said it all here. Guide Revised 11/1/08 to reduce redundancy, and improve quality of information based on what I have learned since originally writing.
    這份指南代表了我希望可以回覆任何詢問「使用充電式鋰電池(註1)強光手電筒(註2)」的一切容。很明顯的，關於這個主題，我有很多要說的。我也認為我已經在這裏充份的表達我想說的。為了使它更精簡，同時加入我最新得到的資訊，這份指南在11/01/08重新修訂。
註1 Lithium-ion 為鋰離子電池，此譯為充電式鋰電池。
註2 tactical原意為戰術，但譯者認為以強光手電筒來翻譯較為淺顯易懂。

    New members to the forum are often intrigued by the lure of having a very powerful, compact flashlight, but are faced with the daunting task of scrounging through endless threads that cover only a fraction of the information needed to really get started using li-ion in a safe rewarding manner. This guide is LONG, sit back, grab a soda or a coffee, soak it up!
    論壇的新成員常常肖想(註3)使用強力而小巧的手電筒，但在爬完了一堆文，看到眼睛都快要脫窗了(註4)，還是只能找到一些片斷的資訊，以安全的使用這些可充電式鋰電池。這篇指南「落落長」(註5)，汽水傳乎好，手腳站乎栽(註6)，我們開始吧！(註7)
註3 台式中文，很想要的意思。
註4 台式中文，瞎了。
註5 很長。
註6 台式中文，原文的意思是請把飲料準備好、好好坐下來。
註7 為了使此譯文對2岸的前輩都能有所幫助，譯者還是決定正經一些，不再惡搞了…。

    Many CPF members have had great questions about using li-ion cells over the years, much of this guide was originally copy/pasted from my responses to those questions. The thread that originally inspired me to build this guide was started by CPF member MacSwift. Occasionally I come back and update or revise or improve the guide to include better wording or more complete information. So the original responses have been modified since.
    好幾年來，CPF的成員對於使用充電式鋰電池有很多問題，這篇指南大部份來自於我對這些問題的回覆。促成了我撰寫這份指南的最主要因素，是由於CPF會員MacSwift所發的帖。偶爾我會回來改寫及更新這份指南的內容，來改進文章的用字以及使此文的資訊更加完備。因此，原來的帖子自從發表後，我就不斷地編修。

    The most common and simple li-ion conversions will take place in standard tactical lithium powered lights. G&P, Wolf Eyes, Lumens Factory, Pila, (and others), manufacture tactical lamps that are of the same basic design as a Surefire P series(like the P60, P90, etc). This is the basic starting point for most Lithium-Ion conversions. You pick out a host that supports one of the common lamp types, like the "P" series which are often called D26 or 26mm lamp assemblies, then mate it with an appropriate configuration of Lithium-Ion cells to power the lamp. There are more complicated setups available through the use of extenders, turbo heads, larger lamps, etc etc, Since this thread was originally made many things have changed, the availability of after-market lamps for the M series Surefire lights is now a reality (through LumensFactory) and more configurations are available now than ever.
    玩家們最常也最容易在一些普遍使用的強光手電筒上，改用充電式鋰電池。像是G&P、 Wolf Eyes、 Lumens Factory、Pila（還有其他廠家）都有生產以Surefire P系列（像是P60或是P90…等等）的設計為基礎的強光手電筒。這也是改用充電式鋰電池的基本起點。你隨手就可以拿起一個P系列的燈頭模組，像是D26或是26mm燈頭，然後就可以根據適當的設定，選擇可充電式鋰電池來點亮你的手電筒。如果你使用延長筒、渦輪頭、較大輸出(註8)的燈泡…，就會牽涉到更複雜的設定。自從這個帖子發表後，很多事情已經改變了，像是Surefire M系列的副廠燈泡已經可以取得（LumensFactory製造），從此我們也可以有更多的設定可玩。
(註8) larger理應不是指size的大小，這裏譯為較大輸出。

rockhong01

Understanding The Basics
    第二章  了解基礎

    In the world of lithium and lithium ion batteries... it is important to understand that lithium primary cells (also called photo lithium, or CR123A, or surefire cells) are about 16mm diameter by about 34mm long. They are sometimes referred to as 16340 sized cells. You probably already know that they deliver about 3 Volts, and have a capacity of about 1200-1600mAh depending on brand and how they are used. So a pair of these cells in a light like the C2(G2, 6P, etc) powers the "6V" rated lamp nicely... Other designations for common CR123A cells are: CR 123 3V, CR123, CR17345, K123A, VL123A, DL123A, DL123ABK, 5018LC, EL123AP, SF123, EL123APBP2, EL123APBP and SF123A 3V, etc etc. The important thing is that these are all Lithium Manganese Dioxide Cells intended for one-time use. They tend to be expensive to run if you use a light frequently, and therefor, switching to a rechargable chemistry cell is often desired.
    在一次性鋰電池（註9）及可充電式鋰電池的世界，了解一件事是很重要的，那就是主流鋰電池（也被叫做相機鋰電池、CR123A、或是Surefire鋰電池）的尺寸是直徑16mm，長度34mm。它們有時候也會被稱做16340鋰電池。你大概也已經知道一次性鋰電池的電壓是3V，而根據廠牌及它們使用的方式不同，大概有1200-1600mah的電量。所以裝在像是C2（G2、6P…等）手電筒的2顆鋰電池，可以穩定的推動標示6V的燈泡。其它與CR123A一樣的一次性鋰電池的型號有：CR 123 3V、CR123、 CR17345、 K123A、 VL123A、 DL123A、 DL123ABK、 5018LC、 EL123AP、 SF123、 EL123APBP2、 EL123APBP 以及 SF123A 3V…等等。最重要的是，這些一次性鋰電全部都是鋰錳二氧化物電池，它們只能被使用一次。而這些一次性鋰電池的價格通常較貴，如果你常使用手電筒的話，將會對荷包形成沈重的負擔。因此，使用可充電式鋰電池就是較合理的選擇。
註9 Lithium在此譯為一次性鋰電，以便跟可充電式鋰電區隔。

    For this guide, I will pretty much be discussing one type of lithium-ion cell, a Lithium Cobalt Oxide cell. This is the "mainstream" chemistry found in most consumer devices from cell phones to laptops and MP3 players. From here forth, when I refer to a Li-Ion cells, I am talking about this type of cell unless I state otherwise. With different chemistry, usually comes different cell specifications and behaviors.
    在這篇指南中，我主要討論一種可充電式鋰電池，鋰鈷一氧化物電池。這是從手機到筆電及MP3播放機所使用的主流化合物鋰電池。從此刻開始，除非我有特別強調，當我提到可充電式鋰電池，我指的就是鋰鈷一氧化物電池。鋰電池所使用的化合物不同，通常也會具有不同的電流輸出特性。

    [edited in 11/11/08] {I am going to be updating the compatibility chart to include a semi-recent advancement in li-ion tech, and that is LiMn, or Lithium Manganese Oxide rechargeable cells. While suffering from ~30% lower energy density as compared with the LiCo (lithium cobalt) chemistry cells that this guide covers, they can deliver higher drain rates safely, which allows for more compact configurations to be very bright but with short runtimes... I will include tidbits about these cells in the guide where information is critical, and try to include all possible combinations of LiMn powered configurations in the chart below.}
    〔11/11/08編修〕我要修訂鋰電池適用表來涵蓋近來充電式鋰電池新開發的技術–LiMn或是鋰錳一氧化物可充電式鋰電池。與鋰鈷化合物電池（lithium cobalt）比較起來，它的電量大致會少30%，但是它卻可以安全地做大電流的放電，也就是可以允許玩家做短時間超高亮度的設定。我將會在指南中納入這種電池的必要資訊，以便在下面的列表中，對LiMn電池的設定，做儘可能完備的組合設定。

    The Li-Ion cells discussed in this guide operate at ~3.7V typical output, so a pair of 16340 sized lithium-ion rechargeable cells would blow a 6V lamp, but a single cell would under-power it, producing a brownish-yellow lousy output. Under-driven bulbs are also very inefficient(poor watt to lumen conversion). So, generally speaking, when we want to use rechargable lithium-ion cells in a light, we use one of the following 4 configurations.
    1. a 3.7V bulb powered by 1 Lithium-Ion Cell.
    2. a "9V" bulb powered by 2 Lithium-Ion Cells.
    3. a "13V" bulb powered by 3 Lithium-Ion Cells.
    4. a carefully selected bi-pin bulb in a proper adapter, powered by an appropriate number of properly sized cells.... (these are more advanced options, I may mention a few in the charts in time)
    在指南中所討論的可充電式鋰電池，一般輸出3.7V，因此2個16340可充電式鋰電池會爆掉6V的燈泡，但是只用1顆，又不足以驅動6V的燈泡，1顆電池只能使6V的燈泡發出昏黃的光線。電壓不足的燈泡也非常的沒有效率（很差的光電功率轉換效能）。因此，一般而言，當我們要在手電筒中使用可充電式鋰電池，我們會使用以下四種設定中的其中一種。
    1. 1顆3.7V的燈泡，用1顆可充電式鋰電驅動。
    2. 1顆9V的燈泡，用2顆可充電式鋰電驅動。
    3. 1顆13V的燈泡，用3顆可充電式鋰電驅動。
    4. 用合適的腳座搭配精選的2PIN（註10）燈泡，再以適當大小及數量的可充電式鋰電來驅動（這些是更進階的組合，我可能會在組合列表中提到一些）。
註10 指有2根腳位的燈泡。

    There are many options in each range... For lights like the C2 that have room for 2 CR123 (16340) sized cells, you have 2 configurations available. "1" and "2" above.
    在每個電壓範圍中，會有很多的選擇。像是C2手電筒，它可以塞入2個CR123（16340）尺寸的電池，你就可以有2種設定可用。如上面4種設定中的第1個或是第2個。

    As it is now, Surefire is not really in the business of making lamps with Lithium-Ion cells in mind. So when dealing with Li-Ion, the only lamps that we can use from Surefire, are the 9V options. However, some people have experimented with their 12V lamps from the M series (turbo head configurations) and found they will often work in 3 Li-Ion cell configurations. SF does not intend for the lamps to be used this way, but many of us do. When we desire more configuration options, we turn to the other manufactures mentioned previously, who ARE in the business of making lamps with Li-Ion cells in mind.
    以現在的情況而言，Surefire並不打算生產適合可充電式鋰電用的燈泡。所以講到要搭配Surefire生產的燈泡，使用可充電式鋰電池，唯一剩下的，就只有9V的選項（上述4種設定中的第2項）。然而，有些人曾經以Surefire的M系列12V的渦輪頭做實驗，他們發現通常可以用3顆可充電式鋰電池來驅動Surefire的12V燈泡。SF並不希望玩家這麼做，但是我們很多人就是這樣搞。而當我們想要做出更多的組合設定的時候，我們就轉而向前面提到的幾家廠商購買手電筒或是燈泡，這些廠商才是有心生產適合可充電式鋰電池使用燈泡的廠商。

    Now it is also important to understand, that there are many different Sizes of Lithium-Ion cell available, and many different brands. There are also Protected Cells, and Bare Unprotected Cells.
    現在，了解有很多不同尺寸及不同廠牌的可充電式鋰電池也是很重要的。可充電式鋰電池也有「有保護電路」及「沒有保護電路」2種。

    There are 3 brands of cell you will find in a flashlight at CPF more than any other cells out there...
    1. AWs Protected Li-Ions, available in many sizes... they are available at Lighthound and through his sales thread in the dealer section of this forum.
    2. Wolf-Eyes Protected Li-Ions, available from Pacific Tactical Solutions
    3. Pila Protected Li-Ions, available from Jsburlys
    Links added to sellers of bulbs/batteries later in guide
    在CPF論壇中，你會發現3種主流品牌的可充電式鋰電池。
    1. AW有保護電路可充電式鋰電池，有各種尺寸可供選擇，它們可以在Lighthound以及論壇中的廠商專區找得到。
    2.Wolf-Eyes有保護電路可充電式鋰電池，可以從Pacific Tactical Solutions找得到。
    3.Pila有保護電路可充電式鋰電池，可以從Jsburlys找得到。
    [edit in 11/11/08]{In recent times, a "#4" above would read "LiMn chemistry cells in 16340 and 18650 sizes"}
    〔11/11/08編修〕最近”#4”會列出16340及18650尺寸的LiMn化合物電池。

    These are the most commonly used because they are the best quality cells available, and they have protection circuits that make them safer than ordinary "bare" lithium-Ion cells. These 3 brands of protected cells are the only protected cells on the market with high current thresholds set on those protection circuits, this is done specifically with the intention of being able to light up powerful incandescent bulbs. I do not recommend unprotected cells, or any cells that claim to be protected from other sources.. Going on ebay and picking up some really cheap cells is asking for trouble. Do so at your own risk, and understand that they may not work in your configuration. There has been a flood of "off-brand" Li-Ion cells becoming available to consumers in recent times, often sold at a fraction of the price of the cells listed above. Remember, when selecting your Li-Ion cells, that these cells can be potentially dangerous, buying quality cells from a reputable dealer is important to your safety. The best VALUE is not always the lowest price.
    上述3種電池最常被使用，因為它們是買得到的可充電式鋰電池中品質最好的，而且它們也有保護電路使得它們較一般的沒有保護電路可充電式鋰電池更加的安全。這3種廠牌也是市場上唯一在它們的保護電路板上有高電流柵設定的有保護電路可充電式鋰電池，特別當你需要點亮強力的白熾燈泡的時候，這種設定就十分的有用。我並不推薦使用沒有保護電路或是任何宣稱以其他的方式來做保護的可充電式鋰電池。你可上ebay看看，那些非常便宜的電池通常麻煩不斷。你如果要用的話，責任自負，你也要了解，這些便宜的電池可能也沒辦法在你的燈泡-電池組合設定中發揮該有的功效。最近在市場上出現了一堆無名品牌的可充電式鋰電池，而它們的價格常常不到上述幾個大廠的一半。記得，當你在選擇可充電式鋰電池的時候，這些便宜的電池有一定程度的危險性，從有信譽的廠家購買高品質的電池是為了你自己的安全著想。最有價值的事物，往往不會存在於最低的價錢。
    [edit in 11/11/08]{LiMn chemistry cells are not protected, and do not really need to be as they are inherently safe.}
    〔11/11/08編修〕LiMn化合物可充電式電池並沒有保護電路，而它們也不需要，因為這類型的電池在本質上就很安全。

rockhong01

Converting a Common 2 cell Tactical
    第三章  常見的2鋰電強光手電筒改裝

    A C2[G2, 6P, M2, or comparable generic alternative] will have room for 2 16340 sized cells, but if you wanted to use a 3.7V lamp, it would be rather wasteful to use a cell that only fills half the tube... The good news is, there are longer cells available.. specifically, for this application We're talking about a 17670 sized cell. AW calls it a 17670 sized cell. Pila calls it a 600S size cell, and Wolf Eyes calls it a 168B sized cell... But they are all approximately 17mm diameter (which fits snug in most lights designed for 16340s, like the C2 [and other Surefire Lights]) by 67mm long. This single cell, fits in the place that 2 CR123s (16340s) would ordinarily fit. Provides a 3.7V output with a rated capacity of 1500-1600mah depending on the cell. There are many other common cell sizes available for Li-Ion rechargable cells. 10440, 14500, 14670, 16340, 17500, 18500, 18650. Various arrangements of cell configurations are being used by many CPFers to power bulbs and LEDs...
    1支C2手電筒（G2、6P、M2或是相對應的其他手電筒）會有裝2顆16340電池的空間，但是如果你想使用3.7V的燈泡，只用一顆電池填滿半支手電筒的筒身，相對的會形成一種空間上的浪費。好消息是，有比較長的電池可供使用。以這個例子來說，我們就會用到17670可充電式鋰電池。AW把它稱作17670 尺寸電池。Pila把它稱作600S尺寸電池，而WolfEyes把它稱作168B尺寸電池…。但是它們大致上都是直徑17mm（大概都可以塞進大部份為16340設計的筒身，像是C2或是其他Surefire手電筒），長度67mm。這種單節電池，大約也可塞入2節CR123（16340）電池的空間。依照電池種類的不同，它可提供3.7V的電壓輸入及1500-1600mah的電量。可充電式鋰電池也有很多其他常見的尺寸，如10440、14500、14670、16340、17500、18500及16850。各種不同電池規格的設定，常被CPF的會員們拿來驅動白熾燈泡或是LED燈。

    Now.... lets say you go with the 17670 cell, and a 3.7V lamp. You can expect the light to be brighter than the stock P60, but dimmer than the optional P61. The 3.7V lamps draw more current that a P60, so what they lack in voltage, they makeup for in current to be reasonably bright. Runtime on a 17670 cell driving a 3.7V lamp is 35-50 minutes depending on what lamp you choose.
現在，假設說你使用17670電池，搭配1顆3.7V的燈泡。你可以期待你的手電筒會比原來的P60模組亮，但是卻會比選配的P61模組暗。3.7V燈泡會比P60燈泡耗損更多的電量（註11），它們電壓不夠的部份，就會用掉更多的電流量，以產生相當的亮度。使用17670電池驅動3.7V的燈泡，依照選用的燈泡不同，使用時間約是35-50分鐘。
註11 這應該是指燈泡的流明值相當的情形
    Now.. lets say you wanted a configuration that is closer in output to the P61 that is also rechargable.
    You would want to step up to a 9V lamp, and run a PAIR of rechargeable RCR123 (16340) sized cells.
    現在，假設說你想要使用可充電式鋰電，來輸出相當於P61模組的亮度。
你就會使用1顆9V燈泡，搭配2顆可充電式RCR123（16340）電池。

    These RCR123 cells are generally rated about 750mAh capacity. The only RCR123 cells available WITH protection that will light up 9V tactical lamp assemblies reliably are the AW protected R123s and I believe the BatteryStation brand RCR123s. There are probably others available but I don't think it's worth the trial and error to experiment with off-brands, these AWs are good cells and backed up by great customer relations. Keep in mind, that most of these Li-Ion cells are designed to be used up to a 2C current draw, no more... Which means that the cell should not be discharged in less than 30 minutes. I should point out that most capacity ratings on RCR123 size cells (from all manufactures) are pretty ambitious. In reality RCR123s tend to be ~550mAH true capacity. However, if the discharge is broken up into short bursts (as most flashlight use is) one can get by with discharge rates that are slightly higher than the cells are rated for without much problem. The trick is to pull out a different longer running light when you need to keep it on for a long time. For high output conversions with a pair of RCR123s, a lamp like the SureFire P90, Wolf-Eyes 9V D26, or LumensFactory SR-9 are often used. If you really respect your usage you can even get by with a HO-9 from LumensFactory to really match the output of a P61 with a similar 20 minute total runtime. This is just touching on some of the safety issues with Li-Ion cells.... Lets move on and learn more about that....
    這些可充電式的RCR123電池，一般大概有750mah的電量。唯一能夠安全地點亮9V模組燈泡的有保護電路RCR123電池是AW出品的有保護電路R123，另外，我也相信BatteryStation品牌的RCR123。當然可能還有其他品牌存在，但我認為去買一些小廠的電池來做嚐試錯誤的實驗是不值得的，AW出品的電池非常可靠，而且也建立了相當好的口碑。記得，這些可充電式鋰電池大部份是被設計來做2C安全係數放電使用的，也就是說，不要在30分鐘內，就把電池的電量榨乾。我也應該告訴大家，這些RCR123可充電式鋰電池（所有的廠家都一樣）所標示的電池容量相當不可靠。在實際使用的情況中，RCR123大概只有550mah的容量。假如電池的放電是分成很多小階段時間的放電（一般使用手電筒情形），毫無疑問的，你的電池的放電率將會稍微高出電池原來所標示的。解決方式是，當你需要長時間點亮手電筒的時候，儘量使用不一樣的手電筒。會改用RCR123可充電電池的高亮度燈泡模組，大致上有SureFire P90、 Wolf-Eyes 9V D26或是 LumensFactory SR-9。假如你真的想要好好玩玩，你甚至可以買LumensFactory HO-9，來達到相當於P61的亮度，而操作時間也差不多在20分鐘左右。這只是稍微說到可充電式電池的安全問題。讓我們更進一步來學習吧。

    [edit in 11/11/08]{With AW IMR16340 LiMn cells, high current lamps like the HO-9, EO-9, and P91, can be used in 2 cell host flashlights with no danger. They can handle discharge rates up to ~4 amps safely.}
    〔11/11/08修訂〕像是HO-9、EO-9及P91這些高電流燈泡，可以沒有危險的使用2顆AW IMR 16340 LiMn可充電式電池。它們可以安全地承受高達4amps的放電率。

rockhong01

第四章第一部份

    Use/safety of Lithium-Ion and charging guidelines
    第四章  安全的使用可充電式電池及其安全守則

    Lithium-Cobalt chemistry must be respected.... There are particular rules that must be followed in order to keep the cell in safe working condition: for most cells this means the following things:
    do not charge above 4.200V
    do not discharge below ~3.5V rested open-circuit (3.5V is basically dead on a li-ion cell)
    do not discharge faster than 2C (some cells as low as 1C), which means in less than 30 minutes. Some cells out there are rated for no faster than a 1 hour discharge rate.
    do not charge faster than 1C (in 1 hour).
    鋰鈷化合物可充電式電池必需小心的使用。為了要使電池處在安全的工作狀態中，有一些規則必需要遵守，對大多數的可充電式電池而言，這代表著以下幾件事情：
    不要把電池過充到超過4.2V。
    不要把電池置於開放電路中過放到低於3.5V（原則上，在二次性鋰電中，3.5V表示該電池已經損壞了）。
    不要使電池放電時的安全係數快於2C（有些電池的係數低於1C），意思是指不要在30分鐘內，把電池的電量榨乾。有些電池甚至標示不可在1小時內把電量用完。
    不要使電池充電時的安全係數快於1C（1小時內充飽）。

    [edit in 11/11/08] {LiMn chemistry cells should be kept in that same ~3.5-4.20V operating range, they can tolerate slightly deeper discharges without much trouble, like down to around 3.0V open circuit. The 1C charge and 2C discharge rules do not apply to LiMn cells, most are rated for ~5-15C maximum discharge rates, and maximum charge rates of 1-2C or greater, consult the manufactures specifications for further detail as there is a wide variety of possibilities.}
     〔11/11/08修訂〕LiMn化合物可充電式鋰電也應該保持在3.5V-4.2V的工作電壓，它們可以承受稍微較低的放電程度，例如在開放電路中放電到3.0V。1C充電係數及2C放電係數並不適用於LiMn電池，大部份的LiMn電池標示5-15C的最大放電係數，以及1-2C或者更高的最大充電係數。如果有需要使用到其更高的效能的時候，最好還是詳細的向廠家詢問電池的數據。

    Keep in mind that fully charging a Li-Ion cell correctly will always actually take longer than an hour, because charging a Li-Ion cell requires the charger to use 2 modes. First, a constant current mode (CC), will hit the cell with the voltage necessary to hold the current going into the cell steady, UNTILL the cell voltage rises to 4.20V, at which point it will HOLD 4.20V output until the output current drops substantially (ideally ~50-300mA depending on the cell size). That second phase (called constant voltage (CV)) portion of the charge will always cause the total charge time to go well over an hour. So if the maximum charge rate of the cell is listed as 1C, and the cell has a capacity of 2200mAH, you can hit it with 2.2amps for the Constant Current (first phase) of the charge, in the second phase it will ramp down as the cell absorbs more energy. Ideally speaking a 0.7C CC phase followed by CV at 4.2V is the recommended charge rate that is healthy for Li-Ion cells and results in reasonable charge times. Most chargers are set to a CC rate from the factory and are stuck using that rate (unless you have a fancy hobby-grade charger with adjustable output). So you will often be stuck with a slower than ideal charge rate for larger format cells, which is fine *for the most part*, just takes longer to charge.
記得，要把1顆可充電式鋰電池正確地充飽，實際上總是會超過1小時，因為要充鋰電池會使用到2種模式。首先，穩流模式（CC）會以所需要的電壓，穩定的把恆定電流充入電池之中，直到電池的電壓提升到4.2V，在此刻之後，電池在其電量實質下降到某個容量時（依電池的大小不同，理想上是50-300mah之間），電壓都會維持在4.2V。當電池的電壓升到4.2V後，就會進入充電的第2階段（稱作穩壓模式CV），這個部份的充電，會確保充電時間在1個小時以上。所以，假如電池的安全充電係數標示1C，而電池的容量是2200mah，第一階段的穩流模式可以2.2amps充電，而在第2階段，當電池在吸收更多電力的時候，充電的電流量就會下降。理想上來說，充電時穩流模式以0.7C，接下來穩壓模式在4.2V，是對可充電電池較健康的充電模式，同時也會有較合理的充電時間。大多數的充電器在出廠的時候，就已經設定好CC率，而且是不能更改的（除非你擁有夢幻的可以讓你調整輸出的hobby-grade充電器）。因此，你將會以一個較慢但也較理想的充電速率，來充你的大容量電池，在大部份的情況下，充得愈慢，對電池愈是好的。

rockhong01

第四章  第二部份

    Now... Good and Bad news time: Bad News First! Allowing a Li-Ion cell to operate out of the bounds listed above, will decrease it's cycle life and increase the risk of a catastrophic failure (vent-with-flame) This is why you want to buy cells with built in protection when using Lithium Cobalt chemistry cells. The GOOD NEWS: It will leave SOME of the guesswork out of using Li-Ion cells. The protection on cells is actually set a little ways beyond these bounds I listed, Often the high and low volt cut-off are set too extreme for normal use.
Do NOT rely on the protection to terminate a charge (unless a charger and cell combination is designed to do this, like the Wolf-Eyes system) or to shut-off the flashlight when it is dead. try to charge before the cells go that dead. And try to remove cells from the charger before the protection stops the charge. If you are bumping up against the protection regularly, you are wearing our your cells quickly and should ease up your methods, but the protection will reduce the risk of major problems dramatically. think of it as a "backup" for when you accidentally leave a light on, or accidentally fall asleep with cells on a cheap charger. Just don't make those things part of your Li-Ion routine. Most chargers are pretty good about charging correctly, but it would be wise to invest in a multimeter and test the voltage of the cell before it goes on the charger, and after they come off. Doesn't need to be done EVERY time, but at least once and awhile to make sure everything looks right (this way you know if cells are staying matched well or not, also it tells you about how long you have to charge it). Testing after they come off the charger lets you know if the charger is doing it's job- if you see 4.3+ V then you should monitor charging closely and pull cells for testing frequently until you have a chance to try a different charger.. For the most part, I have had good luck with the popular budget DSD charger ($7-15). Leaving cells on the charger after the light goes "green" seems to trickle the cells up beyond a safe charge level in many budget chargers (older WF-139s are notorious for this), lithium-ion cells should not be trickle-charged, it will eventually damage the cell. [edit in 04/15/07 11:40PM]Silverfox, our battery expert here at CPF has suggested(in a PM to me regarding this subject, many thanks to him!) that 4.20V is considered ideal, with a tolerance of +/-0.05V, (termination should be between 4.15 and 4.25V, but anything over 4.20V really starts to kill cycle life of the cell) 4.4V is where serious danger begins (cells tend to explode around there). The emphasis of this tight tolerance is important, lithium-ion cells must be respected. A good quality DMM, or possibly owning 2, so you can check for accuracy would be ideal. Charging to a little less than 4.20V is perfectly fine and will more than likely keep cells healthier, longer. ANY TIME YOU CHARGE ABOVE 4.200V, YOU ARE REDUCING THE NUMBER OF HEALTHY CYCLES THE CELL WILL DELIVER. Charging to 4.10V would actually increase cycle life dramatically, at the cost of some capacity and initial brightness. Personally, I suggest using a charger that reliably terminates cells in the 4.10-4.20V range.
現在，是好消息與壞消息時間：讓我們先講壞消息！讓可充電式電池超出上面所說的使用界限，將會降低電池的循環使用壽命，並且增加電池釀成大災害的風險（爆炸起火）。這就是你會什麼要買內建保護電路的鋰鈷化合物電池的原因。好消息是：在使用充電式電池的時候，還是有一些彈性空間。電池的保護電路，實際上被設定在我所列出的電池使用界限的範圍內一些些。常常，最高及最低的斷電設定，不會設定在電池所能承受的極端值（註12）。不要倚賴保護電路來停止對電池的充電（除非充電器及電池的搭配有針對這點去設計，例如Wolf-Eye系統）或者一直開著手電筒到電池用乾。要在電池徹底用乾前，就要充電。在保護電路啟動前，就要將電池從充電器中取出。假如你老是倚賴保護電路，老是充到過充保護啟動，你將很快的將電池耗損掉，你應該合宜的對你的電池充電，但相對的，保護電路可以有效降低充電時所存在的風險。你應該把保護電路想像成當你不小心忘了關掉手電筒或是在把你的電池放上便宜的充電器充電，卻不小心睡著了的後備設施。不要讓上述的事情成為你在使用充電式電池的常態。大部份的充電器都可以很正確的充電，但是買個三用電表在電池充電前及充電後，量一下電池的電壓則是聰明的作法。不用每次都這麼做，但至少偶爾你需要確定你的充電器及電池都保持在正常的狀態（這樣做你可以知道電池是否正常，也可以知道大概要充多少時間）。在電池充完電後測量電壓讓你知道充電器是否有正常運作–假如你看到超過4.3V的電壓值，你就必需嚴密的監控充電的狀態，並且常常對電池做測量，直到你有機會使用新的充電器。大致上來說，我很幸運地在使用便宜的DSD充電器（7-15塊美金）的時候，沒有什麼問題。把電池放在充電器上，直到充電指示燈變成綠燈，在很多便宜的充電器上，似乎會慢慢的把電池充到超過安全充電水準的程度（較老舊的WF-139就是一款惡名昭彰的充電器）。充電式鋰電池不應該被一直放在充電器上過度充電，這樣到最後一定會造成電池的損壞。〔04/15/07/ 11:40PM修訂〕 我們CPF上的電池專家，Silverfox，建議（在讀到此帖後PM給我，十分感謝他）4.2V是理想的，但可忍受的充電誤差值大概在+/-0.05V之間（該結束充電的電壓應該在4.15-4.25V之間，但任何超過4.2V的充電值，真的就是在謀殺電池），充電到4.4V的話，就會造成嚴重的災難（充電式鋰電大約在這個電壓值開始有爆炸的傾向）。對電池的承受範圍做嚴格的強調非常的重要，充電式鋰電池必需非常小心的使用。備妥1個或2個品質良好的數位3用電錶，如此一來你就可以精確的檢查你的電池。把電池充到稍微低於4.2V是最理想的，而且也可以使電池更健康、壽命更長。任何把電池充超過4.2V的狀況，都會降低電池的循環使用壽命。充到4.1V實際上將有效的延長電池的循環使用壽命，雖然會稍稍減低電池的電力及一開始始用的亮度。以我個人來說，我建議使用把電池充到4.1-4.2V這個範圍的充電器。
註12 意思是指電池的保護電路通常會將保護機制設定在電池所能承受的極端範圍內，如電池所能承受的最低斷電電壓如果是3.5V，保護電路會設定在3.6V斷電。

    [edit in: 11/29/08]A large number of cheaper chargers available do not follow the proper CC followed by CV charge method described above. Chargers like the WF-139, use a CC only charge method, that cycles on and off every few seconds to take a cell voltage reading. During charging, this charger ramps most cells up to ~4.25-4.30V during the final few minutes of charging. I'm not a big fan of this charging method, but it seems to work reasonable well (the cell usually settles to around 4.20V after the charge is terminated). I have seen this charger bring cell voltages high enough to trip the PCB on smaller cells (the protected cell actually terminates the charge, rather than the charger)... If you are using protected cells, then this is still considered OK (sortof)..., but I would not insert a low capacity (like RCR123 size) unprotected cell into one of these chargers, it would probably ramp the cell to ~4.4V or higher before terminating. Overall, chargers that use this style of charge termination (lack of CV stage) are marginal at best. The behavior of various cheap chargers on the market varies, so getting a good charger at a budget price isn't always easy to do. I generally just point straight to the Pila IBC for a quality charger recommendation.
    〔11/29/08修訂〕很多便宜的充電器並沒有依照上述先穩流充電CC，再穩壓充電CV來做2階段充電設定。像是WF-139充電器就只使用以每秒鐘就測量一次電池電壓的方式來進行穩流充電。在充電的過程中，充電器會在最後幾分鐘充電階段，把大部份的電池充到4.25-4.3V。我並不支持這種充電方式，但這種方式又似乎是可行的（當充電結束，電池的電壓也大致在4.2V）。我曾經看過這種充電器把電池的電壓充到高到足以啟動小型電池的保護電路（是有保護電路的電池停止充電程序，而不是充電器本身）。假如你用的是有保護電路的電池，用這種充電器應該是OK的…（某種程度上）。但是我不會把小型沒有帶保護電路的充電式鋰電池（如RCR123尺寸）放到這種充電器裏面充電，在停止充電程序之前，它大概會把電池充到比4.4V還要高的程度。整體來說，沒有使用穩壓充電程序的充電器，最好還是不要碰。在市場上的便宜充電器，它的充電方式都不太一樣，所以以合理的價錢選購一個好的充電器並不是一件容易的事。我大致上推薦Pila IBC充電器，作為我信得過的充電器。

rockhong01

第四章  第三部份

    also how many cycles do you usually get on those AW cr123s before you want to chuck em ? Here are some safety issues that should be considered. (recently brought to my attention)
    在你丟掉那些AW CR123電池之前，你會循環使用幾次？以下是一些關於這個問題的安全守則（我最近注意到這方面的問題）。

    CPF member Silverfox has really been enlightening us on these subjects big time, we have him to thank for doing all the grunt work learning more about batteries than most of us could possibly comprehend. He has probably forgotten more about batteries than most of us will ever learn, lol. I am really just regurgitation what he has taught me here.
    CPF會員Silverfox已經針對這些主題向我們講解很多次了，我們必需感謝他讓我們學習到很多關於電池的知識。他對電池的知識超越我們一般人很多。我只是把他所提到過的事，再在這向大家說明。

    Lithium-Ion cells become more dangerous as they age. The potential for a rapid disassembly increases dramatically as the cell "breaks down" internally. Ideally speaking, when used correctly, a Li-Ion cell could deliver 300-1000 cycles before being considered "done." But the best way to determine when the cell should be discarded, is when the cell is only delivering 80% of it's "new" capacity. So, when you get your cells setup in a configuration, try to get a measurement of how much runtime you are getting "new" and how long they take on the charger to come back up to 4.200V. When the runtime has dropped to 80% of the original, it's time to replace cells.
    當使用時間增加，可充電式鋰電池會愈來愈危險。當電池由內部崩解，電池就愈有可能快速解體（註13）。理想上來說，當電池正確地被使用，1顆電池在壞掉前，應可被循環使用300-1000次。但是，要決定電池是否要丟掉的最佳方式是，在電池的蓄電量只達到新電池的80%的時候。所以，當你把電池裝到你組裝好的手電筒的時候（註14），試著去測量新電池組的操作時間，以及要充多久的時間才能使電池達到4.2V。當操作時間降到原來的80%的候，就該是丟掉電池的時候了。
註13 這裏應是指爆炸。
註14 configuration原意是設定，但這裏指的是燈泡及電池所搭配而成的組合。

    If any of the following conditions are noticed, the cells are probably coming up on the end of their useful life and should be considered unsafe. Please discard them. Ideally speaking, take them to a recycling collection for li-ion cells.
    1. if cells are heating up abnormally during discharge or charge. (slightly warm to the touch is normal, HOT to touch=bad)
    2. if cells are taking an abnormally long time to charge, especially in conjunction with heating up. (like 20-30% longer than when *new*)
    3. If cells are coming off charger, and loosing substantial voltage after resting for ~15-30 minutes. (like dropping from 4.19 to 3.99). If the cell holds above 4.000 after resting, then the cell is probably still above 80% of "new" capacity. This is probably the easiest way to test for cell health. Charge, test voltage, rest cell for 30 minutes, if it won't hold above 4.00V, it's done.
    如果你的電池有下列幾種情況發生的話，你的電池的壽命大概就是完蛋了，你的電池也該被視為是危險的：
    1. 在電池充電或放電的過程中產生不正常的高熱（燙手，溫溫的是正常）。
    2. 電池充電的時間與正常比較起來過長，尤其又有高熱產生的話。（像是跟新的電池比較起來，多出20%-30%的充電時間）
    3. 電池剛充完電，拿下來放約15-30分鐘的時間，電壓就有顯著下降（像是降到4.19-3.99V）。假如電池在放置過後還能維持4.0V，這顆電池大概還有新電池80%的效能。這大概是測試電池健康的最簡便的方法。充電，測電壓，放置30分鐘，假如電池的電壓沒有達到4.0V，電池就是完蛋了。

    At the time of writing this, None of the LiCo cells we use in these configurations are technically designed to be discharged continuously in a manner that would deplete them in less than 30 minutes. Any configuration that has an estimated runtime of LESS than 30 minutes will deplete cycle life of LiCo cells much more rapidly than ideal. The best way to overcome this seems to be to charge more frequently (shallow discharges rather than deep discharges, so as to keep the loaded voltage above 3.5V as often as possible), and to only use the light in short bursts. At the time of writing this, I'm going to interpret Silverfoxes recommendations as follows.
    在我寫這篇文章的時候，沒有任何LiCo可充電式電池，在技術上，是被設計來應付，在少於30分鐘內連續操作，到把電池電量榨乾的使用方式。任何在30分鐘內會把電池耗盡的燈泡-電池組合，都會急劇的耗損電池的使用壽命。解決這個問題的最佳方式似乎是增加充電的頻率（淺放電，而不要耗盡電力，也就是盡量把電壓保持在3.5V以上），而且只短暫的使用手電筒。在我寫這篇指南的時候，我將盡量在下面講解Silverfox的看法。

rockhong01

第四章  第四部份

    When using a configuration that has less than 30 minutes of total estimated runtime, use in short bursts of (ideally) 1 minute or less. Try to only use about 50% or less of the available discharge before recharging. So think of it as a "10 minute" light rather than a 20 minute light. I think these rules can be extrapolated to longer running configurations to improve cycle life as well. For example, if you have a configuration that has an estimated runtime of 30 minutes, only using about 20 minutes or less whenever possible, followed by a recharge, would greatly increase cycle life. Protected cells, unfortunately, don't really have their low-V cutoff set as high as it aught to be to really extend cycle life. Even in configurations with very long runtimes, like say, 150 minutes, leaving the last 20-30% of runtime off would be best. Running it out to 100 minutes, rather than trying to get the full 150 minutes, would increase cycle life of the cells.
    當你在使用在30分鐘內就會耗盡電力的手電筒裝置的時候，一次點亮電筒的時間不要超過1分鐘。在使用不到一半的電力以前，最好幫電池充電。所以，你只要把設定來使用30分鐘的手電筒，想像成只能使用10-20分鐘即可。我想這些法則可以有效的延長電池的循環使用壽命。舉例而言，假如你組出了1支預定可用30分鐘的手電筒，你最好只用少於20分鐘的時間。如果可能的話，用完後馬上充電，這樣將會大大的延長電池的循環使用壽命。

    [edit in 11/11/08]{Modern LiMn chemistry cells can handle discharge rates that take place in as little as 5-10 minutes depending on the particular cell in question. If you are looking at a configuration that is borderline on LiCo cells, consider a LiMn cell configuration.}
    〔11/11/08修訂〕現代的LiMn化合物可充電式電池，依電池品牌不同，可以承受低達5-10分鐘的放電率。假如你的手電筒組合，已經逼近LiCo化合物可充電電池的極限，或許可考量LiMn化合物電池。

    If you took a configuration, like a pair of AW RCR123s driving an HO-9 lamp (20 minute runtime) and ran it a full 20+ minutes every run(till protection kicks in), and recharged it, cell capacity would be down to 80% in possibly as little as 10-50 cycles. If this is how you think you would use the light, it would be best to choose a lower power lamp, some larger cell configurations, or a LiMn cell configuration, to get cycle life back up in the hundreds.
    假如你採取這樣的手電筒組裝設定，像是用2顆AW RCR123來驅動1顆HO-9燈泡（20分鐘的使用時間），而且每次都用滿20分鐘（直到保護電路介入斷電）然後再充電，可能在充到少於10-50次以後，電池的效能就會降到原來的80%以下。假如你是這樣使用你的手電筒，你最好選擇較低亮度的燈泡，搭配較大的電池組，或者用LiMn電池，來使電池的循環使用次數維持在百次以上。

    here are some links that everyone interested in using Lithium cells should read: Some are for Lithium, some Lithium-Ion, but I can't stress enough that these are all *potentially* dangerous cells. The more informed users are, the better. Keep in mind that a fresh CR123 primary, or fully charged 18650 cell, has an energy density bordering on TNT. This does not automatically mean that these cells are unsafe, but if used improperly they can be.
    Please watch this video:
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WeWq6rWzChw
    http://www.candlepowerforums.com/vb/...35#post1972035
    http://candlepowerforums.com/vb/show...ight=explosion
    http://candlepowerforums.com/vb/show...hlight=explode

    下面是一些每一個想要使用鋰電池的人都應該看的一些聯結：有些是一次性鋰電池，有些是可充電式鋰電池，但我一定要強調，這些都是具有潛在危險性的電池。使用者愈具有這方面的資訊愈好。謹記在心，1顆新的一次性鋰電或是充飽的18650鋰電，它們可是具有TNT炸藥的威力。這並不是說，它們就是危險的，而是不當使用的話，它們就會很危險。請看下面的影片：
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WeWq6rWzChw
    http://www.candlepowerforums.com/vb/...35#post1972035
    http://candlepowerforums.com/vb/show...ight=explosion
    http://candlepowerforums.com/vb/show...hlight=explode

rockhong01

第四章 第五部份

    Ideally speaking, even though you are using protected cells, You should mentally keep track of how much runtime you have used on the light, and watch for dimming. When the light starts to seem noticeably dimmer and orange-er in color output, you should plan on recharging as soon as possible. The cells will protect themselves from being severely over-discharged, however, cycle life is much greater when you use shallower cycles on Li-Ion. So maybe use the light a few minutes a day for various tasks and charge it up every other day. The nice thing about Li-Ion is that it does not develop memory issues, you never really need to do "forming charges" and "full discharges" and stuff like that. Might be good to give them a full charge followed by long run followed by full charge when you get them to break them in, but after that just put em on the charger when ever you want to top them off. Daily would be fine even if you use the light a little bit during the day. Li-Ion cells also have little to no self-discharge. So you can charge it up and know you could come back to that light in a month and have full juice ready to go...
    理想上來說，即使你正在使用有保護電路的電池，你在心裏也應該記一下你已經使用手電筒多少時間了，你也該注意亮度下降的情形。當燈光的亮度開始明顯的減低，開始發出暗橘紅色的光線，你應該儘快重新充電。電池會保護自己，以免極度過充的狀況發生，但是電池的循環使用壽命將會大幅的增加，當你將可充電電池保持在較淺度放電的狀況。所以，或許可以找不同的理由，每天都使用手電筒幾分鐘，並且在用完手電筒的隔天，就把電池充一充。可充電鋰電池很好的一點就是，它們並沒有電池記憶效應，你完全沒有必要去做「慣性充電」或者是「完全放電」這些事情。或許一開始在馴服（註14）新電池的時候，你可以做1次完全充電-長時間放電-完全充電的程序，但接下來，你就可以隨時在你想要充電的時候，把電池放上充電器。就算是你每天都只有使用手電筒一點點，每天把電池充電也是好的。可充電式鋰電池的自放電率也很低。所以，當你把電池充完後，你也會發現，就算放了1個月，電池的電量依然很充足。
註14 這是指像是新車的磨合或是玩音響時候的run in。

    Special Note for users of Wolf-Eyes M90 13V incan, M300 incan, Boxer HID and Storm Cree lights
    特別寫給使用Wolf-Eyes M90 13V 白熾燈, M300 白熾燈, Boxer HID and Storm Cree lights的玩家。

    Again, special thanks to Silverfox here for bringing this important information to my attention to include in the guide:
    再次特別感謝Silverfox為這篇指南給予這麼重要的資訊。

    The chargers included and or available for "pack" charging these lights rely on a slightly less orthodox method of charge termination. The charge is basically a CC (constant current) charge that holds continuous until one of the cells trips the high voltage limit protection at about 4.3V. Since the charge over 4.200V is done at a semi-rapid rate, the cells are only in a state of overcharge temporarily, they settle to ~4.15~4.25V within a few minutes after the charge is terminated. The charging technique works reasonably well provided that the cells are DESIGNED with this in mind. Wolf-Eyes and AW protected cells are the ONLY cells available that should be used in these flashlights if you intend to use the included (or optional) pack/tailcap chargers. Wolf-Eyes PCB (protection) circuits are purposely overbuilt to reliably take on the role of charge termination when used with these chargers. AWs cells also have premium PCBs that can handle the high voltage repeatedly. Again, DO NOT use any other brands of Li-Ion cell on one of these chargers. Without a reliable termination from the cell these chargers can ramp cell voltage to over 4.5V, which is WAY BEYOND the safe zone. Li-Ion cells above 4.4V become VERY unstable. The risk of a very violent vent-with-flame would be very likely if these chargers were used with unprotected cells or poorly protected cells from other brands.
可以用來充上述幾款手電筒電池匣的充電器，採用了與傳統充電方式有一點點不一樣的做法。基本上，它們是使用穩流模式（CC），穩定的將其中一顆電池充到電壓保護臨界值，約是4.3V。既然過充到4.2V是以一種相對快的速率進行，電池只會暫時地處在過充的狀態中，當充電完成後，電池是被設定在幾分鐘內，回到4.15V到4.25V之間。只有當電池在設計的時候，有把這種方式列入考量，這種充電方式才可使用。市售可充電電池只有Wolf-Eyes及AW有這樣的設計，可以用在這種電池匣充電器中。Wolf-Eyes的保護電路，本來就是設計用來在這類型的充電器中，擔任充飽斷電的角色。而AW的高品質保護電路，也可以承受反覆過充的高電壓。再一次強調，不要在這些電筒的電池匣中，使用任何其他品牌的充電式鋰電池。如果這些電池沒有高品質的保護電路，這種充電器將會把電池過充到4.5V的地步，這已經遠遠的超過電池的安全範圍了。電壓超過4.4V的充電式電池非常的不安定。假如在這種充電器使用無保護電路或者是保護電路品質很差的電池，將會使電池有劇烈爆炸的可能性。

rockhong01

Storage and other worthwhile information about Li-Ion cells
    第五章  可充電式鋰電池的保存及其他有價值的資訊

    Leaving a Li-Ion cell sitting in a state of full charge or near-dead will cause more rapid internal breakdown (oxidation). If you intend to store a Li-Ion cell for a long period of inactivity you can minimize the effects of aging by charging (or discharging, depending on the starting state) the cell to about 3.9V. This is a nice comfortable zone that the cell can sit in and experience very little self discharge and very low internal oxidation for long periods of time. (In theory, most modern cells could probably be stored for a few years without much trouble). Coincidentally, when you buy new cells, it would be best to check their voltage out of the package before you start using them to insure that they were delivered to you within an acceptable voltage range for stored cells. (3.75-4.00V should be reasonable). If you take delivery on cells that are below 3.70V resting it probably means that they have been stored for a long period of time. If they seem to perform up to their expected capacity and hold full charges at 4.20V then there is probably not an issue to be concerned about, but many cheap cells are often cheap because they are over-aged. Be weary of cheap cells as they are often very worn out right out of the package. A $3 cell that is already "50% aged" is not a better value than a $6 cell that comes fresh and ready to go.
將可充電式鋰電池以充滿電或是快沒電的狀態保存，將會加速電池的內部損壞（氧化）。假如你有需要將可充電式鋰電池做長久的保存，你可以將電池充電（或是放電，視電池電力的狀況而定）到3.9V，如此一來可使得電池隨時間自然耗損的情形減到最低。電池可在這個電壓帶做良好的保存，電池在這個電壓也有很低的自放率，並且即使經過長久的時間，電池的內部自然氧化損壞的情況也可減到最低。（理論上，大部份的現代電池大概都可以沒什麼問題地保存好幾年的時間）同時，當你買新電池的時候，在把電池從包裝取出，還沒使用之前，最好就能先測量電池的電壓，以確保電池在交到你手上之前，是處在適合保存電池的電壓帶之間。（3.75-4.0V是合理的範圍）。假如你買到的新電池，電壓低於3.7V，那就表示這顆電池存放了很久。假如電池似乎表現出超出預期的效能，而且電壓維持在4.2V，這就不需要太擔心。但是很多便宜的電池之所以那麼便宜，是因為它們已經過期了。要小心，很多便宜的電池在它們從包裝中取出來的時候，就已經耗損的很嚴重了。1顆已經老化了50%的3塊美金電池，並不會比1顆6塊美金的新鮮且效能良好的電池還要來得值得。

    If you want to store a Li-Ion cell on a more short-term basis, like, for example, as backup cells for a power outage, you will probably want to charge to a level that gives good runtime available when the cell is needed, but storing a cell at full charge 4.20V is not going to be ideal. My personal recommendation is a happy medium. I personally charge my "extra" cells to 4.05-4.10V.
    假如你想要較短期的保存電池，例如說，當停電的時候要使用的備用電池，你將會需要把電池充到，當你需要使用的時候，電池需要具有一定續航力的程度，但是保存充到飽的4.2V電池並不是個好主意。我個人的建議是充到一個可接受的中間值。我自己把備用電池充到4.05-4.1V。

    Cold temperatures can also have a negative effect on Li-Ion cells. If you plan to use your Li-Ion cells in extreme cold, charge to 4.10V rather than 4.20V, there have been some reports of increased risk of cell problems (leaking, bursting, etc) when fully charged cells are exposed to extreme cold.
    低溫也會對充電式電池造成不好的影響。假如你打算在極冷的天候下使用充電式電池，把電電充電到4.1V就好，不要充到4.2V。已經有一些報告指出，完全充電的電池曝露在極端低溫的情形下，較容易出問題（漏液、爆炸…等）。